Tuchman, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century (2014)

Barbara W. Tuchman.
A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century.
New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2014.
(First published: New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978.)

Book Information: Publisher; Wikipedia; Google Books; Amazon.com.

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Author Information:

• Barbara W. Tuchman (1912 – 1989), Wikipedia.

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Video: Barbara Tuchman

• Barbara Tuchman and Richard Heffner, "'A Distant Mirror' The 14th Century and Today," The Open Mind, Episode 1405, 1979, Archive.org.
• Barbara Tuchman, "Landon Lecture," Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 08 September 1988.

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Wikipedia Articles:

• Enguerrand VII de Coucy (1340 – 1397), French nobleman whose life frames Tuchman's narrative.
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• Late Middle Ages.
• France in the Middle Ages.
• England in the Late Middle Ages.
• Italy in the Middle Ages.
• Holy Roman Empire: Hohenstaufen dynasty.
  Holy Roman Empire: Late Middle Ages.
• History of Germany: Middle Ages.
• Spain in the Middle Ages.
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• Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.
• Great Famine of 1315–1317, due to extreme weather events and subsequent poor harvests, possibly related to the transition from the Medieval Warm Period (c. 950 to c. 1250) to the Little Ice Age (16th–19th centuries).
• Black Death, 1346–1353.
• Hundred Years' War, 1337–1453.
  Major Phases of the Hundred Years' War:
  
  • the Edwardian War, 1337–1360.
  • the Caroline War, 1369–1389.
  • the Lancastrian War, 1415–1453.
• Revolts:
  
  • Popular revolts in late-medieval Europe.
  • 1323–1328 Flemish revolt.
  • Jacquerie, French peasant revolt of 1358.
  • Ciompi Revolt, Florence, 1378–1382.
  • Languedoc, 1379.
  • Revolt of Ghent (1379–1385).
  • Peasants' Revolt, England, 1381.
  • Harelle, Rouen, and spread to Paris and other areas of France, 1382.
    Maillotins uprising, Paris, 1382.
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Tuchman tells this history from the perspective of the French. Most of my reading on this period has been from the English point of view, so Tuchman's work is an interesting contrast.

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Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales (1998)

Geoffrey Chaucer.
The Canterbury Tales.
Translated by David Wright.
London: The Folio Society, 1998.
(This translation was first published in 1985 by Oxford University Press.)

This book is currently available as:

Geoffrey Chaucer.
The Canterbury Tales.
Translated by David Wright.
Introduction and Notes by Christopher Cannon.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Book Information: Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.

Book Series: Oxford World's Classics.

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Author Information:

• Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343 – 1400), Wikipedia.
• The Canterbury Tales, composed between 1387 and 1400, Wikipedia.
• David Wright (1920 – 1994), Wikipedia.
• Christopher Cannon (b. 1965), Wikipedia.

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In Our Time:

• Melvyn Bragg, Carolyne Larrington, Helen Cooper, Ardis Butterfield, "Chaucer," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 09 February 2006.
  
  • Professor Carolyne Larrington, Faculty of English, University of Oxford.
  • Carolyne Larrington's Website, WordPress.
  • Carolyne Larrington (b. 1959), Wikipedia.
  • Prof Helen Cooper, Faculty of English, University of Cambridge.
  • Helen Cooper (b. 1947), Wikipedia.
  • Ardis Butterfield, English Department, Yale University.
  • Ardis Butterfield, Wikipedia.
• Melvyn Bragg, Miri Rubin, Kathryn Rudy, Anthony Bale, "Medieval Pilgrimage," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 18 February 2021.
  
  • Professor Miri Rubin, School of History, Queen Mary University of London.
  • Miri Rubin (b. 1956), Wikipedia.
  • Prof Kathryn M. Rudy FRSE, School of Art History, University of St Andrews.
  • Kathryn M. Rudy (b. 1969), Wikipedia.
  • Prof Anthony Bale, Department of English, Theatre and Creative Writing, Birkbeck, University of London.
  • Anthony Bale (b. 1975), Wikipedia.

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Some readily available editions of the original (Middle English) Chaucer include:

• The Norton Chaucer.
• The Riverside Chaucer.
• The Canterbury Tales, Penguin Classics.

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Saul, Richard II (1997)

Nigel Saul.
Richard II.
New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997.

Book Information: Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.

Book Series: The English Monarchs Series, Yale University Press.

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Author Information:

• Nigel Saul (b.1952), Wikipedia.
• Professor Nigel Saul, Department of History, Royal Holloway, University of London.

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Wikipedia Articles:

• England in the Late Middle Ages, from the Thirteenth Century, the end of the Angevins and the accession of Henry III (in 1216), until the accession to the throne of the Tudor dynasty in 1485.
• Hundred Years' War, 1337–1453. Major phases:
  • the Edwardian War, 1337–1360.
  • the Caroline War, 1369–1389.
  • the Lancastrian War, 1415–1453.
• Edward III of England (1312–1377), King of England 1327–1377.
• Edward the Black Prince (1330–1376), Edward of Woodstock, the Black Prince; eldest son of Edward III; father of Richard of Bordeaux (Richard II).
• Joan of Kent (1326/7–1385); mother of Richard of Bordeaux (Richard II).
• Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence (1338–1368), second son of Edward III; the House of York descended from Lionel and his brother Edmund.
• John of Gaunt (1340–1399), Duke of Lancaster; third son of Edward III; the House of Lancaster descended from John of Gaunt.
• Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York (1341–1402), fourth son of Edward III; the House of York descended from Edmund and his brother Lionel.
• Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester (1355–1397), fifth son of Edward III.
• Blanche of Lancaster (1342–1368), daughter of Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster; first wife of John of Gaunt; mother of Henry Bolingbroke (Henry IV of England).
• Katherine Swynford (c.1350–1403), third wife of John of Gaunt; the House of Beaufort descended from John of Gaunt's children with Katherine Swynford.
• Richard II of England (1367–1400), Richard of Bordeaux, son of Edward the Black Prince and Joan of Kent; King of England 1377–1399; deposed in 1399.
• Anne of Bohemia (1366–1394), first wife of Richard II.
• Henry Bolingbroke (1367–1413), son of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster, King of England 1399-1413 as Henry IV.

Some Events During the Reign of Richard II:

• Peasants' Revolt, 1381.
• Wonderful Parliament, November 1386; imposed restrictions on the rule of Richard II.
• Lords Appellant, active 1387–1388.
• Merciless Parliament, February to June 1388; members of Richard II's court convicted of treason; most executed.
• The Tyranny of Richard II, 1397–1399.
• Parliament of Shrewsbury, 1398; declared acts of the Merciless Parliament null and void; made Richard II an absolute ruler.
• Downfall of Richard II, August 1399.

For broader context for this period of English history see my post for Holmes, The Later Middle Ages, 1272-1485 (1966).

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Rosen, The Third Horseman (2015)

William Rosen.
The Third Horseman: A Story of Weather, War, and the Famine History Forgot.
New York: Penguin Books, 2015.

First published in 2014 with the perhaps more descriptive subtitle:
Climate Change and the Great Famine of the 14th Century.

Book Information: Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.

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Author Information:

• William Rosen, author's website, william-rosen.net.
• William Rosen, Penguin Random House.
• William Rosen Obituary, The Star-Ledger. Rosen died 28 April 2016, age 61.
• William Rosen. Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe. New York: Viking Penguin, 2007.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
  My post on Justinian's Flea is here.

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The main scholarly text on the Great Famine of the Fourteenth Century is:

William Chester Jordan.
The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the Early Fourteenth Century.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.
[Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]

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Wikipedia Articles:

• Great Famine of 1315–1317.
• Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.
• Medieval Warm Period, c.950 to c.1250.
• Little Ice Age, c.1300 to c.1850.
• Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.
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• England in the Late Middle Ages, from the Thirteenth Century, the end of the Angevins and the accession of Henry III (in 1216), until the accession to the throne of the Tudor dynasty in 1485.
• Edward I of England (1239–1307), Edward Longshanks, Hammer of the Scots; King of England 1272–1307.
• Conquest of Wales by Edward I of England, 1277–1283.
• First War of Scottish Independence, 1296-1328.
• Edward II of England (1284–1327), King of England 1307–1327.

For more on this period of English history see my post for Holmes, The Later Middle Ages, 1272-1485 (1966).

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Waugh, England in the Reign of Edward III (1991)

Scott L. Waugh.
England in the Reign of Edward III.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Book Information: Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.

Book Series: Cambridge Medieval Textbooks.

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Author Information:

• Scott L. Waugh (b. 1949), Wikipedia.
• Scott Waugh, Department of History, University of California, Los Angeles.

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Wikipedia Articles, In Our Time, etc.:

• England in the Late Middle Ages, from the Thirteenth Century, the end of the Angevins, and the accession of Henry III until the accession to the throne of the Tudor dynasty in 1485.
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• Economy of England in the Middle Ages.
• Feudalism in England.
• Bastard feudalism, a Nineteenth Century historian's description of English feudalism as it decayed in the Late Middle Ages.
• Medieval English wool trade.
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• 1310s in England.
• 1320s in England.
• 1330s in England.
• 1340s in England.
• 1350s in England.
• 1360s in England.
• 1370s in England.
• 1380s in England.
~~~~~~~~~~
• Crisis of the Late Middle Ages (famine, plague, social unrest).
• Great Famine of 1315–1317.
• Black Death, peak years 1347–1351.
• Black Death in England, reached England in June 1348;
  recurred in England 1361−1362 ("Second Pestilence" or "Pestilence of the Children"),
  1369, 1375, 1471, 1479–1480, 1603-1611, 1665–1666.
  (Second plague pandemic.)
• Consequences of the Black Death.
• Statute of Labourers 1351.
• Deserted medieval village.
• Melvyn Bragg, Miri Rubin, Samuel Cohn, Paul Binski, "The Black Death," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 22 May 2008.
• Richard Evans, "The Great Plagues: The Black Death," Gresham College, 25 September 2012.
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• Edward III of England (1312–1377), King of England 1327–1377.
• Philippa of Hainault (c.1310/1315–1369), wife of Edward III; Queen consort of England 1328–1369.
• Alice Perrers (1348–1400).
• Edward the Black Prince (1330–1376), Edward of Woodstock, the Black Prince; eldest son of Edward III; father of Richard II.
• Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence (1338–1368), second son of Edward III; the House of York descended from Lionel and his brother Edmund.
• John of Gaunt (1340–1399), Duke of Lancaster; third son of Edward III; the House of Lancaster descended from John of Gaunt.
• Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York (1341–1402), fourth son of Edward III; ; the House of York descended from Edmund and his brother Lionel.
• Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester (1355–1397), fifth son of Edward III.
• Blanche of Lancaster (1342–1368), daughter of Henry of Grosmont; first wife of John of Gaunt; mother of Henry Bolingbroke (Henry IV of England).
• Katherine Swynford (c.1350–1403), third wife of John of Gaunt; mother of children with John of Gaunt who would become the House of Beaufort.
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• William de la Pole (d. 1366), wool merchant, financier, royal moneylender, Chief Baron of the Exchequer 1339–13##.
• Reginald de Cobham (c.1295–1361), Knight.
• John Chandos (c.1320–1369), Knight.
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• Hundred Years' War, 1337–1453.
  Major phases:
  • the Edwardian War, 1337–1360.
  • the Caroline War, 1369–1389.
  • the Lancastrian War, 1415–1453.
• Battle of Sluys, 24 June 1340.
• Battle of Crécy, 26 August 1346.
• Siege of Calais (1346–1347).
• Battle of Poitiers, 19 September 1356.
• Treaty of Brétigny, drafted at Brétigny on 8 May 1360, ratified on 24 October 1360 as the Treaty of Calais.
~~~~~~~~~~
• Peasants' Revolt, 1381, also called Wat Tyler's Rebellion or the Great Rising.
  • John Ball (c.1338–1381).
  • Wat Tyler (d. 1381).
• Melvyn Bragg, Miri Rubin, Caroline Barron, Alastair Dunn, "The Peasants' Revolt," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 16 November 2006.
~~~~~~~~~~
• John Gower (c.1330–1408).
• William Langland (c.1332–c.1386). Piers Plowman, c.1370–1390.
  Piers Plowman tradition.
• Geoffrey Chaucer (c.1343–1400), courtier, diplomat, bureaucrat, poet.
  • The Book of the Duchess, composed 1368 to early-1370s.
  • Troilus and Criseyde, composed mid-1380s.
  • The Canterbury Tales, composed late-1380s to 1400.
• Melvyn Bragg, Carolyne Larrington, Helen Cooper, Ardis Butterfield, "Chaucer," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 9 Feb 2006.
• Gawain Poet (Fourteenth Century).
• Melvyn Bragg, Laura Ashe, Ad Putter, Simon Armitage, "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 13 Dec 2018. (Includes a reading list.)
• John Wycliffe (1320s–1384).
  Wycliffe's Bible, 1382–1395.
• Lollardy, the Lollard movement, mid-Fourteenth Century.
• Melvyn Bragg, Anthony Kenny, Anne Hudson, Rob Lutton, "Wyclif and the Lollards," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 16 Jun 2011.
• The Lollard Society.

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Froissart, Chronicles (1978)

Jean Froissart.
Chronicles.
Translated and Edited by Geoffrey Brereton.
Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1978.

Book Information: Publisher USA; Publisher UK; Google Books; Amazon.com.

Book Series: Penguin Classics.

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The Online Froissart, Digital Humanities Institute, University of Sheffield.

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Wikipedia Articles and Other Items:

• Jean Froissart (c.1337–c.1405).
• Froissart's Chronicles.
• Geoffrey Brereton (1906–1979).
• W. P. Ker (1855–1923), "Froissart", in Essays in Medieval Literature, London: Macmillan & Co., 1905, pages 135-238.
  [Archive.org.]

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Copies of an early and well known English translation of Froissart's Chronicles by John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners, first published in 1523–1525, are available at Archive.org:

• The Chronicles of Froissart.
  Translated by John Bourchier, Lord Berners.
  Edited by G.C. Macaulay.
  In One Volume.
  The Globe Edition.
  London: Macmillan and Co., 1904.
  (First published in 1895.)
• The Chronicle of Froissart.
  Translated by John Bourchier, Lord Berners.
  Introduction by William Paton Ker.
  In Six Volumes.
  London: David Nutt, 1901-1903.
  Vol 1 of 6; Vol 2 of 6; Vol 3 of 6; Vol 4 of 6; Vol 5 of 6; Vol 6 of 6.
  (This edition has Berners's original Sixteenth Century English.)
• John Froissart.
  Chronicles of England, France, Spain and the Adjoining Countries, from the latter part of the reign of Edward II to the coronation of Henry IV.
  Translated by Thomas Johnes.
  In Two Volumes.
  London: Henry G. Bohn, 1849.
  Vol 1 of 2; Vol 2 of 2.
  (This edition has some nice color illustrations along with its relatively newer translation.)

My additional motive for mentioning these other editions of Froissart's Chronicles, aside from their intrinsic interest, is as follows. In the Introduction to the Penguin Classics edition Geoffrey Brereton observes that his edition is "a selection covering less than one-sixth of the total length of the Chronicles" (page 27).

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Seward, The Hundred Years War (1999)

Desmond Seward.
The Hundred Years War: The English in France 1337-1453.
New York: Penguin Books, 1999.
(First published in 1978.)

Book Information: Publisher; Author's Website; Google Books; Amazon.com.

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Author Information:

• Desmond Seward (b. 1935), Wikipedia.
• Desmond Seward | Official Website – Personal Website, www.desmondseward.com.

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Wikipedia Articles:

• Hundred Years' War, 1337–1453.
  Major phases:
  • the Edwardian War, 1337–1360.
  • the Caroline War, 1369–1389.
  • the Lancastrian War, 1415–1453.

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Brown, Geoffrey Chaucer (2011)

Peter Brown.
Geoffrey Chaucer.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Book Information: Google Books; Amazon.com.

Book Series: Authors in Context, Oxford World's Classics.

In 2019 this book was out-of-print.
It appears that publication of the Authors in Context series has ceased.

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Author Information:

• Professor Peter Brown, School of English, University of Kent.
• Note: Professor Peter Brown, Professor of Medieval English Literature, is not the Historian of Late Antiquity Peter Brown.
• Peter Brown. Chaucer at Work: The Making of The Canterbury Tales. Longman Group Ltd., 1994. Abington: Routledge, 2013.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Peter Brown. Chaucer and the Making of Optical Space. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2007.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Peter Brown. Reading Chaucer: Selected Essays. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2013.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Peter Brown, editor. Reading Dreams: The Interpretation of Dreams from Chaucer to Shakespeare. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Peter Brown, editor. A Companion to Chaucer. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2000.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Peter Brown, editor. A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture, c.1350 - c.1500. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2007.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]

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Wikipedia Articles:

• Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343 – 1400).
• Middle English literature.
• English literature.
• History of England: 14th century.

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Some Websites on Chaucer and Middle English Literature:

• Chaucer Metapage.
• Harvard's Geoffrey Chaucer Website.
• Geoffrey Chaucer, Luminarium: Anthology of English Literature, by Anniina Jokinen.
• The Open Access Companion to the Canterbury Tales.
• The Labyrinth: Resources for Medieval Studies, Georgetown University.
• Internet Medieval Sourcebook, Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies.
• Middle English Compendium, University of Michigan Library.
• Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse, University of Michigan Library.
• TEAMS - Teaching Association for Medieval Studies.
• TEAMS Middle English Texts series.
• The ORB: On-Line Reference Book for Medieval Studies by Kathryn Talarico at Arlima.net.
• The World of Chaucer, a 2004 exhibit at University of Glasgow.

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Holmes, The Later Middle Ages, 1272-1485 (1966)

George Holmes.
The Later Middle Ages, 1272-1485.
New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1966.

Book Information: Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.

Book Series: The Norton Library History of England.

Originally published: Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1962.

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Author Information:

• George Holmes (1927–2009), Wikipedia.
• George Holmes. Europe: Hierarchy and Revolt, 1320-1450, Second Edition. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• George Holmes. Florence, Rome, and the Origins of the Renaissance. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• George Holmes, editor. The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988, 1990, 2001.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• George Holmes, editor. The Oxford History of Medieval Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, 2001.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• George Holmes, editor. The Oxford Illustrated History of Italy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997, 2001.
  [Google Books; Amazon.com.]

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Wikipedia Articles, In Our Time, Books, etc.:

• England in the Middle Ages, Fifth Century to Fifteenth Century.
• England in the Late Middle Ages, from the Thirteenth Century, the end of the Angevins, and the accession of Henry III until the accession to the throne of the Tudor dynasty in 1485.
• Historians of England in the Middle Ages.
• Economy of England in the Middle Ages.
• Feudalism.
• Feudalism in England.
• Bastard feudalism, a Nineteenth Century historian's description of English feudalism as it decayed in the Late Middle Ages.
• Medieval English wool trade.
• The Staple.
• Merchants of the Staple, English exporters, especially of wool.
• Company of Merchant Adventurers of London.
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• Crisis of the Late Middle Ages (famine, plague, social unrest).
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• Oxford Franciscan school.
• Robert Grosseteste (c.1175–1253), Bishop of Lincoln 1235–1253.
• European science in the Middle Ages.
• Roger Bacon (c.1219/20–c.1292).
• Melvyn Bragg, Jack Cunningham, Amanda Power, Elly Truitt, "Roger Bacon," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 20 Apr 2017.
• Duns Scotus (c.1266–1308).
• William of Ockham (c.1287–1347).
  • William of Ockham. A Short Discourse on Tyrannical Government. Translated by John Kilcullen. Edited by Arthur Stephen McGrade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
    [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
  • William of Ockham. 'A Letter to the Friars Minor' and Other Writings. Translated by John Kilcullen. Edited by Arthur Stephen McGrade and John Kilcullen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
    [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Sentences of Peter Lombard, mid Twelfth Century.
• Melvyn Bragg, Anthony Kenny, Marilyn Adams, Richard Cross, "Ockham's Razor," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 31 May 2007.
• Medieval university.
• Melvyn Bragg, Miri Rubin, Ian Wei, Peter Denley, "The Medieval University," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 17 Mar 2011.

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Henry III:

• Henry III of England (1207–1272), King of England 1216–1272.
• Parliament in the reign of Henry III.
• Provisions of Oxford, 1258.
• Second Barons' War, 1264–1267.
• Ninth Crusade, 1271–1272.

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Edward I:

• Edward I of England (1239–1307), The Lord Edward, Edward Longshanks, Hammer of the Scots; King of England 1272–1307.
• The emergence of parliament as an institution.
• Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (c.1223–1282), Price of Wales 1246–1282.
• Conquest of Wales by Edward I of England, 1277–1283.
• Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd.
• First War of Scottish Independence, 1296-1328.

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Edward II:

• Edward II of England (1284–1327), King of England 1307–1327.
• Ordinances of 1311, barons restricted the power of Edward II; repealed May 1322.
• Robert the Bruce (1274–1329), King of Scots 1306–1329.
• Battle of Bannockburn, June 1314.
• Melvyn Bragg, Matthew Strickland, Fiona Watson, Michael Brown, "The Battle of Bannockburn," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 3 Feb 2011.
• Great Famine of 1315–1317.
• Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.
• Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster (c.1278–1322), a leader of the baronial opposition to Edward II.
• Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March (1287–1330), a leader of the baronial opposition to Edward II.
• Isabella of France (1295–1358), Queen of England as the wife of Edward II; regent of England 1327–1330.
• Despenser War, 1321–1322, baronial revolt against Edward II.
• Invasion of England (1326) led by Roger Mortimer and Isabella of France.
• Parliament of 1327, deposed Edward II.
• Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton, 1328.

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Edward III:

• Edward III of England (1312–1377), King of England 1327–1377.
• Hundred Years' War, 1337–1453.
  Major phases:
  • the Edwardian War, 1337–1360.
  • the Caroline War, 1369–1389.
  • the Lancastrian War, 1415–1453.
• William de la Pole (d. 1366), wool merchant, financier, royal moneylender, Chief Baron of the Exchequer 1339–13##.
• Battle of Crécy, 26 August 1346. [Hundred Years' War]
~~~~~~~~~~
• Black Death, peak years 1347–1351.
• Black Death in England, reached England in June 1348; recurred in England 1361−1362 ("Second Pestilence" or "Pestilence of the Children"), 1369, 1375, 1471, 1479–1480, 1603-1611, 1665–1666. (Second plague pandemic.)
• Consequences of the Black Death.
• Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.
• Statute of Labourers 1351.
• Deserted medieval village.
• Melvyn Bragg, Miri Rubin, Samuel Cohn, Paul Binski, "The Black Death," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 22 May 2008.
• Richard Evans, "The Great Plagues: The Black Death," Gresham College, 25 September 2012.
~~~~~~~~~~
• Battle of Poitiers, 19 September 1356. [Hundred Years' War]
• Treaty of Brétigny, drafted at Brétigny on 8 May 1360, ratified on 24 October 1360 as the Treaty of Calais. [Hundred Years' War]
~~~~~~~~~~
• Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster (c.1310–1361).
• Edward the Black Prince (1330–1376), Edward of Woodstock, the Black Prince; eldest son of King Edward III.
• John of Gaunt (1340–1399), Duke of Lancaster; son of King Edward III; patron of Geoffrey Chaucer.
• Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester (1355–1397), son of King Edward III.
• Blanche of Lancaster (1342–1368), daughter of Henry of Grosmont; first wife of John of Gaunt; mother of Henry Bolingbroke (Henry IV of England).
• Hundred Years' War (1369–89), the Caroline War.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Richard II:

• Richard II of England (1367–1400), King of England 1377–1399; deposed in 1399.
• Western Schism, 1378–1417.
• Peasants' Revolt, 1381, also named Wat Tyler's Rebellion or the Great Rising.
  • John Ball (c.1338–1381).
  • Wat Tyler (d. 1381).
• Melvyn Bragg, Miri Rubin, Caroline Barron, Alastair Dunn, "The Peasants' Revolt," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 16 November 2006.
• Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.
• Wonderful Parliament, November 1386; imposed restrictions on the rule of Richard II.
• Lords Appellant.
• Merciless Parliament, February to June 1388; members of Richard II's court convicted of treason; most were executed.
• Truce of Leulinghem, effective 18 July 1389. [Hundred Years' War]
• Wilton Diptych, c.1395–1399.
~~~~~~~~~~
• The Tyranny of Richard II, 1397–1399:
  • Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester (1355–1397), murdered on 8/9 September 1397 presumably on behalf of Richard II.
  • Richard FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel (1346–1397), arrested on 12 July 1397, beheaded on 21 September 1397.
  • Thomas Arundel (1353–1414), Bishop of Ely 1373-1388; Archbishop of York 1388-1396; Lord Chancellor 1386-1389 and 1391-1396; Archbishop of Canterbury 1396-1414; exiled by Richard II in 1397.
  • Bolingbroke and Mowbray exiled by Richard II, October 1398.
  • Parliament of Shrewsbury, 1398; declared all the acts of the Merciless Parliament to be null and void; made Richard II an absolute ruler.
• Downfall of Richard II, August 1399.

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Fourteenth Century Literature, Religion:

• Geoffrey Chaucer (c.1343–1400), bureaucrat, courtier, diplomat, poet.
  • The Book of the Duchess, composed 1368 to early-1370s.
  • Troilus and Criseyde, composed mid-1380s.
  • The Canterbury Tales, composed late-1380s to 1400.
• Melvyn Bragg, Carolyne Larrington, Helen Cooper, Ardis Butterfield, "Chaucer," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 9 Feb 2006.
• William Langland (c.1332–c.1386). Piers Plowman, c.1370–1390.
  Piers Plowman tradition.
• Gawain Poet (Fourteenth Century).
• Melvyn Bragg, Laura Ashe, Ad Putter, Simon Armitage, "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 13 Dec 2018.
• John Wycliffe (1320s–1384).
  Wycliffe's Bible, 1382–1395.
• Lollardy, the Lollard movement, mid-Fourteenth Century.
• Melvyn Bragg, Anthony Kenny, Anne Hudson, Rob Lutton, "Wyclif and the Lollards," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 16 Jun 2011.

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Henry IV:

• Henry IV of England (1367–1413), Henry Bolingbroke, King of England 1399–1413.
• House of Lancaster (Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI).
• Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland (1341–1408).
• Owain Glyndŵr (c.1359–c.1415), Prince of Wales 1404–c.1415; led Welch revolt 1400–1415.
• Glyndŵr Rising, 1400–1415.
• Melvyn Bragg, Huw Pryce, Helen Fulton, Chris Given-Wilson, "Owain Glyndwr," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 31 Jan 2019.
• Henry Percy (Hotspur) (1364–1403).
• Battle of Shrewsbury, 21 July 1403.

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Henry V:

• Henry V of England (1386–1422), Henry of Monmouth, King of England 1413–1422.
• Oldcastle Revolt, 1414.
  John Oldcastle (c.1360/78–1417).
• John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford (1389–1435), brother of Henry V.
• Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (1390–1447), brother of Henry V.
~~~~~~~~~~
• Hundred Years' War (1415–53), the Lancastrian War.
• Battle of Agincourt, 25 October 1415. [Hundred Years' War]
• Melvyn Bragg, Anne Curry, Michael Jones, John Watts, "Agincourt," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 16 Sep 2004.
• Helen Castor, "Agincourt or Azincourt?: Victory, Defeat and the War of 1415," Gresham College, 22 October 2015.
• Treaty of Troyes, 21 May 1420. [Hundred Years' War]

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Henry VI:

• Henry VI of England (1421–1471), King of England 1422–1461 and 1470–1471.
• Regency government, 1422–1437; this article lists the members of the Regency Council.
• Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (1390–1447), uncle of Henry VI, Lord Protector of England during the minority of his nephew.
• Henry Beaufort (c.1375–1447).
• Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (1428–1471), Warwick the Kingmaker, "the wealthiest and most powerful English peer of his age."
• Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset (c.1406–1455).
• Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York (1411–1460), Richard Plantagenet, father of Edward IV and Richard III.
• William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk (1396–1450), a favourite of Henry VI.
• Wars of the Roses, 1455–1487.
• House of York.
• House of Lancaster.
• Margaret of Anjou (1430–1482), Queen of England by marriage to King Henry VI 1445–1461 and 1470–1471.
• Melvyn Bragg, Katherine Lewis, James Ross, Joanna Laynesmith, "Margaret of Anjou," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 24 May 2018. (Includes a reading list.)
• Battle of Towton, 29 March 1461.
~~~~~~~~~~
• Siege of Orléans, October 1428 – May 1429. [Hundred Years' War]
• Yolande of Aragon (1384–1442), mother-in-law of Charles VII.
• Charles VII of France (1403–1461), Dauphin of France 1418–1422; King of France 1422–1461.
• Joan of Arc (c.1412–1431), "The Maid of Orléans".
• Melvyn Bragg, Anne Curry, Malcolm Vale, Matthew Bennett, "The Siege of Orléans," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 24 May 2007.
• Michael Portillo, "Joan of Arc," Things We Forgot to Remember, BBC Radio 4, 02 Oct 2012.
• Fall of Constantinople, 6 April – 29 May 1453.
• Battle of Castillon, 17 July 1453. [Hundred Years' War]

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Edward IV:

• Edward IV of England (1442–1483), King of England 1461–1470 and 1471–1483; the first Yorkist King of England.
• House of York.
• Elizabeth Woodville (c.1437–1492), Queen consort of England, as the spouse of King Edward IV from 1464 until his death in 1483; mother of the "Princes in the Tower" and Elizabeth of York, who married Henry VII.
~~~~~~~~~~
• Readeption of Henry VI, "the restoration of Henry VI of England to the throne of England in 1470."
• Battle of Barnet, 14 April 1471.
  Deaths of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick and John Neville, Marquess of Montagu.
• Battle of Tewkesbury, 4 May 1471.
• Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales (1453–1471), only son of King Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou; died at the Battle of Tewkesbury.
• Restoration of Edward IV, May 1471.

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Edward V:

• Edward V of England (1470–c.1483), son of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville.
• Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York (1473–c.1483), son of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville.
• Richard Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester (1452–1485), Duke of Gloucester 1461–1485; Lord Protector of the realm for Edward V in 1483.
• Princes in the Tower, imprisoned May and June 1483.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Richard III:

• Richard III of England (1452–1485), King of England 1483–1485.
~~~~~~~~~~
• Battle of Bosworth Field, 22 August 1485.
• Wars of the Roses, 1455–1487.
• Melvyn Bragg, Helen Castor, Colin Richmond, Steven Gunn, "The Wars of the Roses," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 18 May 2000.
• Paston Letters, 1422–1509.
  • The Paston Letters. Edited by Norman Davis. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
    [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Melvyn Bragg, Emma Smith, Gordon McMullan, Katherine Lewis, "Is Shakespeare History? The Plantagenets," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 11 Oct 2018.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Henry VII:

• Henry VII of England (1457–1509), Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond 1457–1509; King of England 1485–1509.
• House of Tudor.
• Elizabeth of York (1466–1503), daughter of King Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville; wife of Henry VII, and thus the first Tudor queen; mother of Henry VIII.

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Literature, Religion, Philosophy, etc.:

• Gustav Milne, "The Growth of London as a Port from Roman to Medieval Times," Gresham College, 17 October 2016.
~~~~~~~~~~
• William Caxton (c.1422–c.1491), produced the first book printed in England in 1476.
• Melvyn Bragg, Richard Gameson, Julia Boffey, David Rundle, "Caxton and the Printing Press," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 18 Oct 2012. (Includes a reading list.)
~~~~~~~~~~
• Laura Ashe, editor. Early Fiction in England: From Geoffrey of Monmouth to Chaucer. London: Penguin Classics, 2015.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
~~~~~~~~~~
• John Mandeville (Fourteenth Century).
  • John Mandeville. The Book of Marvels and Travels. Translated by Anthony Bale. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
    [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
~~~~~~~~~~
• Julian of Norwich (late 1342 – after 1416). Revelations of Divine Love, early Fifteenth Century.
  • Julian of Norwich. Revelations of Divine Love. Translated by Barry Windeatt. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
    [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
~~~~~~~~~~
• Margery Kempe (c. 1373 – after 1438). The Book of Margery Kempe, Fifteenth Century.
  • Margery Kempe. The Book of Margery Kempe. Translated by Anthony Bale. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
    [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Melvyn Bragg, Miri Rubin, Katherine Lewis, Anthony Bale, "Margery Kempe and English Mysticism," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 2 Jun 2016. (Includes a reading list.)
~~~~~~~~~~
• John Fortescue (c.1394–1479). De Laudibus Legum Angliae (Commendation of the Laws of England), c.1543.
  • Sir John Fortescue. On the Laws and Governance of England. Edited by Shelly Lockwood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
    [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
~~~~~~~~~~
• Christine de Pizan (1364–c.1430). The Book of the City of Ladies, 1405.
  • Christine de Pizan. The Book of the City of Ladies. Translated by Rosalind Brown-Grant. Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics, 1999.
    [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
  • Christine de Pizan. The Treasure of the City of Ladies. Translated by Sarah Lawson. London: Penguin Classics, 2003.
    [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Melvyn Bragg, Helen Swift, Miranda Griffin, Marilynn Desmond, "Christine de Pizan," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 8 Jun 2017. (Includes a reading list.)
~~~~~~~~~~
• Mabinogion, compiled in Middle Welsh in the 12th–13th centuries from earlier oral traditions.
  • The Mabinogion. Translated by Sioned Davies. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
    [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Wales in the Middle Ages.
• Melvyn Bragg, Sioned Davies, Helen Fulton, Juliette Wood, "The Mabinogion," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 10 May 2018. (Includes a reading list.)
~~~~~~~~~~
• Tristan and Iseult.
• Melvyn Bragg, Laura Ashe, Juliette Wood, Mark Chinca, "Tristan and Iseult," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 31 Dec 2015. (Includes a reading list.)
~~~~~~~~~~
• Matter of Britain.
• Thomas Malory (c.1415–1471). Le Morte d'Arthur, 1485.
  • Thomas Malory. Le Morte Darthur. Edited by Helen Cooper. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
    [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Melvyn Bragg, Helen Cooper, Helen Fulton, Laura Ashe, "Le Morte d'Arthur," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 10 Jan 2013. (Includes a reading list.)
• Fisher King.
• Melvyn Bragg, Carolyne Larrington, Stephen Knight, Juliette Wood, "The Fisher King," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 17 Jan 2008.
• Holy Grail.
• Melvyn Bragg, Carolyne Larrington, Jonathan Riley-Smith, Juliette Wood, "The Holy Grail," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 15 May 2003.
• Merlin.
• Melvyn Bragg, Juliette Wood, Stephen Knight, Peter Forshaw, "Merlin," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 30 Jun 2005.
~~~~~~~~~~
• Marco Polo (1254–1324). The Travels of Marco Polo, c.1300.
• Melvyn Bragg, Frances Wood, Joan Pau Rubies, Debra Higgs Strickland, "Marco Polo," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 24 May 2012.
• Genghis Khan (c.1162–1227).
• Kublai Khan (1215–1294).
• Mongol Empire, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries.
• Golden Horde, 1240s–1502.
• Marco Polo. The Travels of Marco Polo. Translated by Ronald Latham. Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics, 1958.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Marco Polo. The Travels of Marco Polo. Translated by Nigel Cliff. Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics, 2015.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
~~~~~~~~~~
• Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406). Muqaddimah, 1377.
• Melvyn Bragg, Robert Hoyland, Robert Irwin, Hugh Kennedy, "Ibn Khaldun," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 04 Feb 2010.
• Ibn Khaldun. The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History, Abridged Edition. Translated by Franz Rosenthal. Edited by N. J. Dawood. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1967.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Al-Andalus, Muslim Spain.
• Black Death, mid Fourteenth Century.
• Ibn al-Khatib (1313–1374).
• Mamluk.
  Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), 1250–1517.
• Timur (1336–1405), known as Tamerlane.
  Timurid Empire, 1370–1507.
~~~~~~~~~~
• Dante Alighieri (c.1265–1321).
• Divine Comedy, begun c.1308, completed in 1320.
• Inferno.
• Melvyn Bragg, Margaret Kean, John Took, Claire Hones, "Dante's Inferno," In Our Time, BBC Radio 4, 23 Oct 2008.
~~~~~~~~~~
• Polydore Vergil (c.1470–1555). Anglica Historia, drafted by 1513; printed 1534.

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Previous volumes in The Norton Library History of England series:

• Blair, Roman Britain and Early England: 55 B.C. - A.D. 871 (1966).
• Brooke, From Alfred to Henry III, 871-1272 (1966).

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