The Protestant Crusade 1800-1860: A Study of the Origins of American Nativism.
New York: The Macmillan Company, 1938.
New York: Rinehart & Company, 1952
Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1964. {I read this 1964 edition.}
Book Information: Google Books; Amazon.com.
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Author Information:
- Ray Allen Billington (1903-1981), Wikipedia.
- Ray Allen Billington. Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1949. Second Edition, 1960. Third Edition, 1967. Fourth Edition, 1974.
[Google Books, 1949, Full View.] - Ray Allen Billington. The Far Western Frontier, 1830-1860. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1956.
[Google Books; Amazon.com.] - Ray Allen Billington. Frederick Jackson Turner: Historian, Teacher, Scholar. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.
[Google Books; Amazon.com.] - Ray Allen Billington. Land of Savagery, Land of Promise: The European Imagery of the American Frontier. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1981.
[Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.] - Ray Allen Billington. Limericks: Historical and Hysterical. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1981.
[Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.] - Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge. Western Expansion: A History of the American Frontier, Sixth Edition, An Abridgment. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 2001.
[Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
Wikipedia Articles, etc:
- History of Protestantism in the United States: 19th century: Anti-Catholic sentiment and violence.
- Anti-Catholicism: United States.
- Anti-Catholicism in the United States.
- Nativism: United States.
- Ursuline Convent riots, Charlestown, Massachusetts, August 1834.
- Philadelphia nativist riots, May and July, 1844.
- American Republican Party (1843).
- Order of the Star Spangled Banner, 1849-1850s.
- Know Nothing (Native American Party, renamed the American Party), mid-1850s.
- William Craig Brownlee (1784–1860).
- The Religious Controversy, between the Rev. Dr. W. C. Brownlee, on the part of the Protestants, and the Rev. Dr. J. Power, Thos. C. Levins, and Felix Varela, on the part of the Roman Catholics. Philadelphia: Boyle & Benedict, 1833.
[Archive.org.] - W. C. Brownlee. Letters in the Roman Catholic Controversy. New York: Published by the Author, 1834.
[Archive.org.] - W. C. Brownlee. Popery: An Enemy to Civil and Religious Liberty, and Dangerous to Our Republic. New York: Bowne & Wisner - New York Protestant Press, 1836.
[Google Books.]
- The Religious Controversy, between the Rev. Dr. W. C. Brownlee, on the part of the Protestants, and the Rev. Dr. J. Power, Thos. C. Levins, and Felix Varela, on the part of the Roman Catholics. Philadelphia: Boyle & Benedict, 1833.
- Lyman Beecher (1775–1863).
- Lyman Beecher. A Plea for the West. Cincinnati: Truman & Smith, 1835.
[Archive.org.] - Lyman Beecher. Beecher's Works. Boston: John P. Jewett & Company, 1852 and 1853.
[Archive.org, vol 1 of 3; Archive.org, vol 2 of 3; Archive.org, vol 3 of 3.] - Autobiography, Correspondence, etc. of Lyman Beecher, D.D. Charles Beecher, editor. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1865.
[Archive.org, vol 1 of 2; Archive.org, vol 2 of 2.]
- Lyman Beecher. A Plea for the West. Cincinnati: Truman & Smith, 1835.
- Maria Monk (1816-1849). Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk. 1836.
[Archive.org.] - Samuel F. B. Morse (1791–1872).
- Samuel F. B. Morse. Foreign Conspiracy against the Liberties of the United States. New York: Leavitt, Lord, & Co., 1835.
[Archive.org, Library of Congress; Archive.org, California.] - Samuel F. B. Morse, editor. The Proscribed German Student: being a sketch of some interesting incidents in the life and melancholy death of the late Lewis Clausing. New York: Van Nostrand & Dwight, 1836.
[Archive.org, Harvard; Archive.org, New York Public Library.] - Samuel F. B. Morse, editor. Confessions of a French Catholic Priest: To which are Added Warnings to the People of the United. New York: John S. Taylor, 1837.
[Archive.org.]
- Samuel F. B. Morse. Foreign Conspiracy against the Liberties of the United States. New York: Leavitt, Lord, & Co., 1835.
Billington's book is more about Protestants' anti-Roman Catholic agitation during the period rather than nativism. John Higham wrote on nativism and in the following passage commented on Billington's book:
"By far the oldest and - in early America - the most powerful of the anti-foreign traditions came out of the shock of the Reformation. Protestant hatred of Rome played so large a part in the pre-Civil War nativist thinking that historians have sometimes regarded nativism and anti-Catholicism as more or less synonymous. This identification, by oversimplifying two complex ideas, does little justice to either. Many social and religions factors, some of them nativistic only in a very indirect sense, have contributed powerfully to anti-Catholic feeling." (page 5, Higham, Strangers in the Land)
- John Higham. Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1955; 2002. New York: Atheneum, 1963.
[Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
The period 1800-1860 was one of exuberant religious ferment in the United States. For an introduction to this period, see:
- Daniel Walker Howe. What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
[Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com; Wikipedia.]
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