White, The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States during Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865-1896 (2017), Part 3

Note: To make navigating this lengthy blog post for this fascinating period of U.S. history easier, I divided it into several parts:

• Part 1: The Book and Professor White
  (Includes video of talks/lectures by Professor White.)
• Part 2: Video
  (Talks/lectures on topics related to the period 1865-1896.)
• Part 3: Encyclopedia Articles and Period Publications
  (By "Period Publications" I mean books and pamphlets published during the period 1865-1896.)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

For notes on lectures, events, books, and articles for the period before 1865 see my posts for Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848 (2007) and McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (1988).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Encyclopedia Articles and Period Publications:


~~~~~ Historical Surveys ~~~~~

• History of the United States (1865–1918).
• Reconstruction Era, 1865-1877.
• Gilded Age, 1870s-1900s.
• Progressive Era, 1890s-1920s.
• History of the Southern United States: Reconstruction (1863–1877).
• History of the Southern United States: Origins of the New South (1877–1913).
• Timeline of United States history (1860–99).
• American Indian Wars.
• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 1801-1922.
• Canada under British rule, 1763–1867.
• Canada: Post-Confederation era, 1867–1914.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~ U.S. Politics ~~~~~

• Third Party System, 1850s-1890s, Republican Party versus Democratic Party.
• Fourth Party System, 1896-1932, Republican Party versus Democratic Party.
• History of the United States Democratic Party.
• History of the United States Republican Party, founded 1854.
• Ethnocultural politics in the United States.
• Radical Republican.
• Carpetbagger.
• Scalawag.
• Bourbon Democrat.
• Redeemers.
• Liberal Republican Party (United States), 1872.
• Greenback Party, 1874-1889.
• Farmers' Alliance, 1870s-1890s.
• People's Party, 1891-1908.
• Mugwumps.
• Stalwarts.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~ Economic History ~~~~~

• Economic history of the United States: The mid 19th century.
• Economic history of the United States: Late 19th century.
• History of banking in the United States.
• Panic of 1873.
• Long Depression, 1873-1879 or 1873-1896, depending on how you measure it.
• Depression of 1882–85.
• Panic of 1884.
• Panic of 1893 and ensuing depression 1893-1897.
• David O. Whitten, "The Depression of 1893," EH.net.
  [Citation: Whitten, David. “Depression of 1893″. EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. August 14, 2001. URL http://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-depression-of-1893/]
  Article based upon: Douglas Steeples and David O. Whitten. Democracy in Desperation: The Depression of 1893. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1998.
  [Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Technological and industrial history of the United States.
• Second Industrial Revolution, late Nineteenth Century - early Twentieth Century.
• History of education in the United States.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~ Businessmen ~~~~~

• Samuel F. B. Morse (1791–1872).
• Erastus Corning (1794–1872).
• Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794–1877).
• Matthias W. Baldwin (1795–1866).
• Daniel Drew (1797–1879).
• Alexander Turney Stewart (1803–1876).
• Ezra Cornell (1807–1874).
• Alfred Vail (1807–1859).
• Cyrus McCormick (1809–1884).
• P. T. Barnum (1810–1891).
• John Murray Forbes (1813–1898).
• August Belmont (1813–1890).
• Russell Sage (1816–1906).
• Cyrus West Field (1819–1892).
• Jay Cooke (1821-1905).
• Abram Hewitt (1822–1903).
• Thomas A. Scott (1823-1881).
• Henry Flagler (1830–1913).
• George Pullman (1831–1897).
• Philip Danforth Armour (1832–1901).
• Richard T. Crane (1832–1912).
• Henry Clews (1834–1923).
• Chauncey Depew (1834–1928).
• Marshall Field (1834–1906).
• Andrew Carnegie (1835–1919).
• Jim Fisk (1835–1872).
• Jay Gould (1836-1892).
• J. P. Morgan (1837–1913).
• Gustavus Franklin Swift (1839–1903).
• John D. Rockefeller (1839–1937).
• George Westinghouse (1846–1914).
• Thomas Edison (1847–1931).
• Henry Clay Frick (1849–1919).
• August Belmont Jr. (1853–1924).
• James Buchanan Duke (1856–1925).
• Samuel Insull (1859–1938).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~ Agriculture ~~~~~

• History of agriculture in the United States: Railroad age: 1860–1910.
• History of agriculture in the United States: South, 1860–1940.
• Barbed wire begins to be used during the 1870s, having notable effects on livestock agriculture, especially in the West.
• Scott Cook, "The Rise of Barbed Wire and Its Transformation of the American Frontier," American Studies, University of Virginia.
• Earl W. Hayter, "Barbed Wire Fencing - A Prairie Invention: Its Rise and Influence in the Western States," American Studies, University of Virginia. (Originally published: Agricultural History, Volume 13, October 1939.)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~ Banking and Finance ~~~~~

• History of banking in the United States.
• History of central banking in the United States.
• Richard S. Grossman, "US Banking History, Civil War to World War II," EH.net.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~ Manufacturing ~~~~~

• Baldwin Locomotive Works: History: 19th century.
• Edison General Electric Company, incorporated April 1889.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~ Communications ~~~~~

• Tomas Nonnenmacher, "History of the U.S. Telegraph Industry," EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. August 14, 2001.
• Electrical telegraph.
  Baltimore-Washington telegraph line.
  Speedwell Ironworks.
• Western Union: History.
• Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922) awarded a United States patent for the electric telephone, March 1876.
• Bell Telephone Company, organized July 1877.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~ Mining, Coal, Iron, Steel, Petroleum ~~~~~

• Sean Patrick Adams, "The US Coal Industry in the Nineteenth Century," EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. January 23, 2003.
• Mining in the United States.
• History of coal mining in the United States.
• Bessemer process, patented by Henry Bessemer (1813–1898) in 1856.
• History of the iron and steel industry in the United States.
• History of the petroleum industry in the United States.
• Pennsylvania oil rush, 1859 – early 1870s.
• Standard Oil Company, founded 1870.
• Carnegie Steel Company, legal organization July 1892, collecting steel works built up since 1872 by Andrew Carnegie (1835–1919).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~ Railroads, Transportation ~~~~~

• Railroads and the Making of Modern America, William G. Thomas, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
• History of rail transport in the United States.
• Transportation in the United States: History.
• Daniel B. Klein and John Majewski, "Turnpikes and Toll Roads in Nineteenth-Century America," EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples, February 10, 2008.

~~~~~ Eastern Railroads ~~~~~

• New York Central Railroad: History.
• Pennsylvania Railroad: History.
• Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
• Erie Railroad.

~~~~~ Western Railroads ~~~~~

• Illinois Central Railroad.
• Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad.
  
  • Charles Elliott Perkins (1840-1907).
• Union Pacific Railroad.
  • Thomas C. Durant (1820-1885).
  • Oakes Ames (1804-1873).
  • Grenville M. Dodge (1831-1916).
  • Jay Gould (1836-1892).
  • Charles Francis Adams Jr. (1835-1915).
  • Sidney Dillon (1812-1892).
  • E. H. Harriman (1848-1909).
• Central Pacific Railroad.
  • The Associates or Big Four.
  • Leland Stanford (1824-1893).
  • Collis P. Huntington (1821-1900).
  • Charles Crocker (1822-1888).
  • Mark Hopkins, Jr. (1813-1878).
  • Edwin B. Crocker (1818-1875).
• Southern Pacific Railroad.
  Stanford, Huntington, Crocker & Hopkins.
• Northern Pacific Railway.
  • Jay Cooke (1821-1905).
  • Henry Villard (1835-1900).
• Great Northern Railway.
  • James J. Hill (1838-1916).
• Atlantic and Pacific Railroad.
• Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.
  • Cyrus K. Holliday (1826-1900).
• Texas and Pacific Railway.
  • Thomas A. Scott (1823-1881).
  • Jay Gould (1836-1892).
• Kansas Pacific Railway.
• Canadian Pacific Railway.
• Mexican Central Railway.
• Mexican National Railway.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ Books on Economic History and Technology~~~~~

• William R. Plum. The Military Telegraph during the Civil War in the United States, with an Exposition of Ancient and Modern Means of Communication, and of the Federal and Confederate Cipher Systems. Chicago: Jansen, McLurg & Company, 1882.
  [Archive.org, vol 1 of 2; Archive.org, vol 2 of 2.]
• Frank William Taussig (1859–1940). Protection to Young Industries as Applied in the United States: A Study in Economic History. Cambridge, Mass.: Moses King, 1883. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1884; 1886.
  [Archive.org, 1883; Archive.org, 1884; Archive.org, 1886.]
• Frank William Taussig (1859–1940). The History of the Present Tariff, 1860-1883. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1885.
  [Archive.org.]
• J. L. Ringwalt. Development of Transportation Systems in the United States. Philadelphia, 1888. New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1966.
  [Archive.org, Toronto; Archive.org, Boston Public Library, 1966 reprint.]
• Frank William Taussig (1859–1940). The Tariff History of the United States: A Series of Essays. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1888. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1893.
  [Archive.org, 1888; Archive.org, 1893.]
  F. W. Taussig. The Tariff History of the United States. Fifth edition, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1910. Sixth edition, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1914. Eighth edition, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1931.
  [Archive.org, 5e, 1910; Archive.org, 6e, 1914; Archive.org, 8e, 1931.]
• David Ames Wells (1828–1898). Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on the Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1889.
  [Archive.org.]
• Frank William Taussig (1859–1940), editor. State Papers and Speeches on the Tariff. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, 1893.
  (Introduction by F. W. Taussig. Works by Alexander Hamilton, Albert Gallatin, Robert J. Walker, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster.)
  [Archive.org.]
• William Graham Sumner (1840–1910). A History of Banking in the United States. Volume 1 of 4 in A History of Banking in All the Leading Nations. New York: The Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin, 1896.
  [Archive.org.]
• Alexander Dana Noyes. Thirty Years of American Finance: A Short Financial History of the Government and People of the United States since the Civil War, 1865-1896. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1898.
  [Archive.org.]
• John Christopher Schwab. The Confederate States of America, 1861-1865: A Financial and Industrial History of the South During the Civil War. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1901.
  [Archive.org, Library of Congress; Google Books.]
• Alexander Dana Noyes. Fourty Years of American Finance: A Short Financial History of the Government and People of the United States since the Civil War, 1865-1907. (Being a Second and Extended Edition of "Thirty Years of American Finance.") New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1909.
  [Archive.org.]
• Edward Stanwood. American Tariff Controversies in the Nineteenth Century. In Two Volumes. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1903. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co., 1903.
  [Archive.org, vol 1 of 2, Stanford; Archive.org, vol 2 of 2, Stanford; Archive.org, vol 1 of 2, Cornell; Archive.org, vol 2 of 2, Cornell; Archive.org, vol 1 of 2, Toronto; Archive.org, vol 2 of 2, Toronto; Archive.org, vol 1 of 2, Michigan; Archive.org, vol 2 of 2, Michigan.]
• Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer. Jay Cooke: Financier of the Civil War. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co, 1907.
  [Archive.org, vol 1 of 2; Archive.org, vol 2 of 2.]
• Emerson David Fite. Social and Industrial Conditions in the North During the Civil War. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1910.
  [Google Books.]
• Katharine Coman (1857–1915). The Industrial History of the United States. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1905. New and Revised Edition, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1910.
  [Archive.org, 1905; Archive.org, 1918.]
• Katharine Coman (1857–1915). Economic Beginnings of the Far West: How We Won the Land Beyond the Mississippi. Volume 1. Explorers and Colonizers. Volume 2. American Settlers. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1912. Two Volumes in One, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1925.
  [Archive.org, 1912, vol 1 of 2; Archive.org, 1912, vol 2 of 2; Archive.org, 1925.]
• Victor S. Clark. History of Manufactures in the United States 1607-1860. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1916.
  [Google Books; Archive.org.]
• Ernest Ludlow Bogart and Charles Manfred Thompson, editors. Readings in the Economic History of the United States. New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1916.
  [Archive.org.]
~~~~~~~~~~
• Fred A. Shannon. The Farmer's Last Frontier: Agriculture, 1860-1897. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1945. Harper Torchbooks, 1968. Routledge, 1977.
  [Publisher, 1977; Google Books, 1945; Google Books, 1977; Amazon.com, 1945; Amazon.com, 1968; Amazon.com, 1977.]
• George Rogers Taylor (1895-1983). The Transportation Revolution, 1815-1860. Rinehart and Company, 1951; Holt, Reinhart and Winston, 1964; Harper Torchbooks, 1968; M. E. Sharpe, 1976; Routledge, 1977.
  [Publisher, Routledge; Google Books, Routledge; Amazon.com, 1951; Amazon.com, 1964; Google Books, 1968; Amazon.com, 1976; Amazon.com, 1977.]
• George Edgar Turner. Victory Rode the Rails: The Strategic Place of the Railroads in the Civil War. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1953. Lincoln, Nebraska: Bison Books / University of Nebraska Press, 1992.
  [Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Robert P. Sharkey. Money, Class and Party: An Economic Study of Civil War and Reconstruction. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1959; 1967.
  [Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Edward C. Kirkland. Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor, and Public Policy, 1860-1897. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1961. Quadrangle Books, 1967.
  [Google Books, 1961; Amazon.com, 1961; Amazon.com, 1967.]
• Douglass C. North (1920-2015). The Economic Growth of the United States: 1790-1860. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1961.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Ralph L. Andreano, editor. The Economic Impact of the American Civil War. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Schenkman Publishing Company, 1962. Second Edition, 1967.
  [Google Books; Amazon.com, 1967.]
• Irwin Unger. The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865-1879. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1964; 2015.
  [Publisher, 2015; Wikipedia; Google Books, 2015; Amazon.com, 1964; Amazon.com, 2015.]
• David T. Gilchrist and W. David Lewis. Economic Change in the Civil War Era. Greenville, Del.: Eleutherian Mills-Hagley Foundation, 1965.
  [Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Walter T. K. Nugent. Money and American Society, 1865-1880. New York: The Free Press (Macmillan), 1968.
  [Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Harold D. Woodman. King Cotton and His Retainers: Financing and Marketing the Cotton Crop of the South, 1800-1925. Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky Press, 1968. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1990. Washington D.C.: Beard Books, 2000.
  [Amazon.com, 1968; Amazon.com, 1990; Publisher, 2000; Google Books, 2000; Amazon.com, 2000.]
• Robert Higgs (b. 1944). Transformation of the American Economy, 1865-1914: An Essay in Interpretation. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1971. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2011.
  [Publisher, 2011 (free PDF available here); Google Books, 1971; Google Books, 2011; Amazon.com, 1971.]
• Richard Eugene Sylla. The American Capital Market, 1846-1914: A Study of the Effects of Public Policy on Economic Development. Arno Press, 1975.
  [Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Harold G. Vatter. The Drive to Industrial Maturity: The U.S. Economy, 1860-1914. Greenwood Press, 1975.
  [Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• John A. James. Money and Capital Markets in Postbellum America. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1978; 2015.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Naomi R. Lamoreaux. The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895-1904. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Gavin Wright. Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy since the Civil War. New York: Basic Books, 1986. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Walter Licht. Industrializing America: The Nineteenth Century. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Gerald Berk. Alternative Tracks: The Constitution of American Industrial Order, 1865-1917. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Gretchen Ritter. Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Antimonopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America, 1865-1896. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Douglas Steeples and David O. Whitten. Democracy in Desperation: The Depression of 1893. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1998.
  [Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Richard Franklin Bensel. The Political Economy of American Industrialization, 1877-1900. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Elmus Wicker. Banking Panics of the Gilded Age. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Stanley L. Engerman (b. 1936) and Robert E. Gallman, editors. The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, Volume II: The Long Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Glenn Porter. The Rise of Big Business: 1860-1920, Third Edition. Harlan Davidson, Inc. / Wiley-Blackwell, 2005.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• M. John Lubetkin. Jay Cooke's Gamble: The Northern Pacific Railroad, the Sioux, and the Panic of 1873. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Maury Klein. The Genesis of Industrial America, 1870-1920. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• William G. Thomas III. The Iron Way: Railroads, the Civil War, and the Making of Modern America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Robert J. Gordon. The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2016.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Thomas F. Army Jr. Engineering Victory: How Technology Won the Civil War. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ American Literature ~~~~~

• American literature.
• Walt Whitman (1819–1892).
• Herman Melville (1819–1891).
• John William De Forest (1826–1906).
• Emily Dickinson (1830–1886).
• Mark Twain (1835–1910).
• William Dean Howells (1837–1920).
• Ambrose Bierce (1842–circa 1914).
• Henry James (1843–1916).
• George Washington Cable (1844–1925).
• Sarah Orne Jewett (1849–1909).
• Edward Bellamy (1850–1898).
• Kate Chopin (1850–1904).
• Charles W. Chesnutt (1858–1932).
• Hamlin Garland (1860–1940).
• Edith Wharton (1862–1937).
• Frank Norris (1870–1902).
• Stephen Crane (1871–1900).
• Theodore Dreiser (1871–1945).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ Historians, Philosophers, Economists, Journalists, etc. ~~~~~

• George Bancroft (1800-1891).
• John Lothrop Motley (1814-1877).
• Charles Anderson Dana (1819–1897).
• Elizabeth F. Ellet (1818–1877).
• Frederick Law Olmsted (1822–1903).
• Francis Parkman (1823-1893).
• Edward Atkinson (1827–1905).
• Charles Eliot Norton (1827–1908).
• David Ames Wells (1828–1898).
• Edwin Lawrence Godkin (1831–1902).
• Robert G. Ingersoll (1833–1899).
• Charles William Eliot (1834–1926).
• Horace White (1834–1916).
• Whitelaw Reid (1837–1912).
• Henry Adams (1838–1918).
• Francis Amasa Walker (1840–1897).
• William Graham Sumner (1840–1910).
• Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (1841–1935).
• William James (1842–1910).
• John Fiske (1842–1901).
• Elihu Root (1845–1937).
• Joseph Pulitzer (1847–1911).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ Social Reformers ~~~~~

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815–1902).
• Lucy Stone (1818–1893).
• Julia Ward Howe (1819–1910).
• Susan B. Anthony (1820–1906).
• Clara Barton (1821–1912), founder of the American Red Cross, May 1881.
• Victoria Woodhull (1838–1927).
• Frances Willard (1839–1898), president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union 1879-1898.
• Anthony Comstock (1844–1915), founder of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, 1873.
  Comstock Act, enacted 1873.
• Josiah Strong (1847–1916).
• Ida Craddock (1857–1902).
• Julia Lathrop (1858–1932).
• Florence Kelley (1859–1932).
• Jane Addams (1860–1935).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ Religious Leaders ~~~~~

• William Henry Channing (1810–1884), nephew of William Ellery Channing (1780–1842).
• Henry Ward Beecher (1813–1887), son of Lyman Beecher (1775–1863).
• John Heyl Vincent (1832 –1920).
  • Co-founder of the Chautauqua Assembly, 1874, later organized as the Chautauqua Institution.
  • Chautauqua movement, late 19th century - early 20th century.
• Lyman Abbott (1835–1922).
• Dwight L. Moody (1837–1899).
• Walter Rauschenbusch (1861–1918).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ Labor Unions and Labor Leaders ~~~~~

• Knights of Labor, founded 1869.
• Terence V. Powderly (1849–1924).
• American Federation of Labor, founded 1886.
• Samuel Gompers (1850–1924).
• American Railway Union, founded 1893.
• Eugene V. Debs (1855–1926).

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ 1830s ~~~~~

• Michael Faraday (1791–1867). Experimental Researches in Electricity. Volume 1, London: Richard and John Edward Taylor, 1839. Volume 2, London: Richard and John Edward Taylor, 1844. Volume 3, London: Richard Taylor and William Francis, 1855.
  [Google Books, vol 1, 1839; Google Books, vol 2, 1844; Google Books, vol 3, 1855.]

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ 1840s ~~~~~

• "The steam-powered rotary printing press is invented by Richard March Hoe (1812–1886) in the United States in 1843."
• Morse demonstrates the electric telegraph, May 1844.
• George Caleb Bingham (1811–1879), Fur Traders Descending the Missouri, c. 1845.
• Friedrich Engels (1820–1895). The Condition of the Working Class in England. Leipzig, 1845. Translated by Florence Kelley Wischnewetzky (1859–1932). New York: John W. Lovell Company, 1887. London: Penguin Books, 2005.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, 1887; Publisher, 2005; Amazon.com, 2005.]
• Charles Lyell (1797–1875). Travels in North America; with Geological Observations on the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia. London: John Murray, 1845. New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1845. (USA title: Travels in North America, in the years 1841-2; with Geological Observations on the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia.)
  [Archive.org, London, set 1, vol 1 of 2; Archive.org, London, set 1, vol 2 of 2;
  Archive.org, London, set 2, vol 1 of 2; Archive.org, London, set 2, vol 2 of 2;
  Archive.org, New York, vol 1 of 2; Archive.org, New York, vol 2 of 2.]
• Smithsonian Institution, finally founded in 1846 after much delay by politicians.
  Joseph Henry (1797–1878), the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
  American Association for the Advancement of Science, created in 1848.
• Revolutions of 1848, Europe.
• Karl Marx (1818–1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820–1895). The Communist Manifesto. February 1848.
  [Wikipedia.]
  Reprinted: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The Communist Manifesto. Translated by Samuel Moore. With an Introduction and Notes by Gareth Stedman Jones. London: Penguin Classics, 2002.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Francis Parkman (1823-1893). The California and Oregon Trail: Being Sketches of Prairie and Rocky Mountain Life. New York: George P. Putnam, 1849.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org.]
  Reprinted: Francis Parkman. The Oregon Trail, The Conspiracy of Pontiac. Edited by William R. Taylor. New York: Library of America, 1991.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Asa Whitney (1797-1874). A Project for a Railroad to the Pacific. New York: George W. Wood, 1849.
  [Archive.org.]

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ 1850s ~~~~~

• 1850s.
• Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882). Representative Men: Seven Lectures. Boston: Phillips, Sampson and Company, 1850.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Princeton Theological Seminary.]
• Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804–1864). The Scarlet Letter, A Romance. Boston: Ticknor, Reed, and Fields, 1850.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, 1850, Duke University; Archive.org, 1850, with Second Edition preface, California; Archive.org, 1853, Brigham Young University.]
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882). Poems. Boston: Ticknor, Reed, and Fields, 1850.
  [Archive.org, vol 1 of 2; Archive.org, vol 2 of 2.]
• Herman Melville (1819–1891). White-Jacket; or, The World in a Man-of-War. 1850.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, 1892.]

~~~~~ 1851 ~~~~~

• The Great Exhibition, London, May - October 1851.
• Emanuel Leutze (1816–1868). Washington Crossing the Delaware, 1851.
• Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804–1864). The House of the Seven Gables, A Romance. Boston: Ticknor, Reed, and Fields, 1851.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Oxford University; Archive.org, Oxford University, another copy.]
• Herman Melville (1819–1891). Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org.]
• Herbert Spencer (1820–1903). Social Statics: or, The Conditions Essential to Human Happiness Specified, and the First of Them Developed. London: John Chapman, 1851.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, 1851; Liberty Fund, Online Library of Liberty.]

~~~~~ 1852 ~~~~~

• Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804–1864). The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales. Boston: Ticknor, Reed, and Fields, 1852.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, California.]
• Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804–1864). The Blithedale Romance. Boston: Ticknor, Reed, and Fields, 1852.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, California; Archive.org, Brigham Young University.]
• Herman Melville (1819–1891). Pierre; or, The Ambiguities. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1852.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org.]
• Frederick Law Olmsted (1822–1903). Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England. New York: George P. Putnam, 1852.
  [Archive.org, vol 1 of 2; Archive.org, vol 2 of 2.]

~~~~~ 1853 ~~~~~

• Crimean War, October 1853 to February 1856.

~~~~~ 1854 ~~~~~

• Sioux Wars, 1854 - 1891.
• O'Reilly v. Morse, The Telegraph Patent Case, 1854.
• Fanny Fern (1811–1872). Ruth Hall: A Domestic Tale of the Present Time. New York: Mason Brothers, 1854.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, 1855.]
  Reprinted: Fanny Fern. Ruth Hall and Other Writings. Rutgers University Press, 1986.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Archive.org.]
  Reprinted: Fanny Fern. Ruth Hall: A Domestic Tale of the Present Time. Edited by Susan Belasco. Penguin Classics, 1997.
  [Publisher; Archive.org.]
• Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862). Walden; or, Life in the Woods. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1854.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org.]

~~~~~ 1855 ~~~~~

• David Brewster (1781–1868). Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton. Edinburgh: Thomas Constable and Co., 1855. Second Edition, Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, 1860.
  [Archive.org, 1855, vol 1 of 2; Archive.org, 1855, vol 2 of 2; Archive.org, 1860, vol 1 of 2; Archive.org, 1860, vol 2 of 2.]
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882). The Song of Hiawatha. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1855.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org.]
• Herman Melville (1819–1891). Israel Potter: His Fifty Years of Exile. New York: G. P. Putnam & Co., 1855. London: G. Routledge & Co., 1855.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, New York edition, Oxford; Archive.org, New York edition, Harvard; Archive.org, London edition, California.]
• Walt Whitman (1819–1892). Leaves of Grass. 1855. Boston: Thayer and Eldridge, 1860. Washington, D.C.: J.S. Redfield, 1871; 1872. Philadelphia: Rees Welsh & Co., 1882.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, 1860; Archive.org, 1871; Archive.org, 1872; Archive.org, 1882.]

~~~~~ 1856 ~~~~~

• R. W. Emerson (1803–1882). Miscellanies: Embracing Nature, Addresses, and Lectures. Boston: Phillips, Sampson, and Company, 1856.
  [Archive.org.]
  Contains "The American Scholar" (1837) and the "Divinity School Address" (1838).
• R. W. Emerson (1803–1882). English Traits. Boston: Phillips, Sampson, and Company, 1856.
  [Archive.org.]
• Herman Melville (1819–1891). The Piazza Tales. New York: Dix & Edwards, 1856.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org.]
• Frederick Law Olmsted (1822–1903). A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, with Remarks on Their Economy. New York: Dix & Edwards, 1856. London: Sampson Low, Son, & Co., 1856.
  [Archive.org, New York, Wellesley College; Archive.org, New York, Library of Congress; Archive.org, London, University of North Carolina.]
• Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859). L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution. Paris: Michel Lévy frères, 1856. The Old Regime and the Revolution. Translated by John Bonner. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1856.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Paris; Archive.org, New York.]
• The Bessemer process is patented by Henry Bessemer (1813–1898) in 1856, which is then superseded by the development of the Open hearth furnace in the 1860s.
  This means that in the future steel will be made at much lower cost in much larger batches, which means that steel will replace softer iron in applications like rails for railroads, ship hulls, boilers for steam engines, and many other innovations previously unimagined due to the previous high cost of steel. Steel boilers means steam engines can be designed to operate more reliably at higher pressures and temperatures. These innovations will lower the cost and increase the speed and reliability of transportation by rail, river, and ocean during the later decades of the Nineteenth Century, to mention just one consequence.
  See History of the steel industry (1850–1970).

~~~~~ 1857 ~~~~~

• Panic of 1857.
• J. Smith Homans, Junior. An Historical and Statistical Account of the Foreign Commerce of the United States. New York: G.P. Putnam & Co., 1857.
  [Archive.org.]
• Herman Melville (1819–1891). The Confidence-Man: His Masquerade. New York: Dix, Edwards & Co., 1857.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org.]
• Frederick Law Olmsted (1822–1903). A Journey through Texas; or, A Saddle-Trip on the Southwestern Frontier; with a Statistical Appendix. New York: Dix, Edwards & Co., 1857.
  [Archive.org.]
  Reprinted: Frederick Law Olmsted. A Journey through Texas: Or a Saddle-Trip on the Southwestern Frontier. Introduction by Witold Rybczynski. Lincoln, Nebraska: Bison Books / University of Nebraska Press, 2004.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]

~~~~~ 1858 ~~~~~

• Transatlantic telegraph cable, first communications occurred 16 August 1858.
• Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. (1809–1894). The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table. Boston: Phillips, Sampson and Company, 1858.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, California; Archive.org, Yale; Archive.org, U.S. National Library of Medicine; Archive.org, California.]
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807–1882). The Courtship of Miles Standish, and Other Poems. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1858. London : W. Kent & Co., 1858.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, 1858, Brigham Young University; Archive.org, 1858, California; Archive.org, 1858, London; Archive.org, 1859.]

~~~~~ 1859 ~~~~~

• "On August 28, 1859, George Bissell (1821–1884) and Edwin L. Drake (1819–1880) made the first successful use of a drilling rig on a well drilled especially to produce oil, at a site on Oil Creek near Titusville, Pennsylvania." (History of the petroleum industry in the United States, Wikipedia.)
• Charles Darwin (1809–1882). On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London: John Murray, 1859. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1860. Third Edition, London: John Murray, 1861.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, 1859, Boston Public Library; Archive.org, 1859, Harvard; Archive.org, 1859, Smithsonian; Archive.org, 1860; Archive.org, 1861.]
• John Stuart Mill (1806–1873). On Liberty. London: John W. Parker and Son, 1859. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1863. Third Edition, London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts & Green, 1864.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, London, 1864.]
• Florence Nightingale (1820–1910). Notes on Nursing: What it is and What it is Not. London: Harrison, 1859. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1860. Boston: William Carter, 1860. New Edition, Revised and Enlarged, London: Harrison, 1861.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, London 1859, California; Archive.org, London 1859, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Copy 1; Archive.org, London 1859, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Copy 2; Archive.org, New York 1860, California; Archive.org, New York 1860, Wellcome Library; Archive.org, Boston 1860, California; Archive.org, London 1861, Brigham Young University.]
• Samuel Smiles (1812–1904). Self-Help; with Illustrations of Character and Conduct. London: John Murray, 1859. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1860. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1860.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Boston, 1860; Archive.org, New York, 1860.]

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~ 1860s ~~~~~

• 1860s.
• R. W. Emerson (1803–1882). The Conduct of Life. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1860. London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1860.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Boston, 1860, California; Archive.org, Boston, 1860, California; Archive.org, Boston, 1860, California; Archive.org, London, 1860, Toronto; Archive.org, London, 1860, Second Edition, Library of Congress.]
• Thomas Prentice Kettell (1811-1878). Southern Wealth and Northern Profits, as Exhibited in Statistical Facts and Official Figures: Showing the Necessity of Union to the Future Prosperity and Welfare of the Republic. New York: George W. & John A. Wood, 1860.
  [Archive.org.]
• Frederick Law Olmsted (1822–1903). A Journey in the Back Country. New York: Mason Brothers, 1860.
  [Archive.org.]

~~~~~ 1861 ~~~~~

• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807–1882), "Paul Revere's Ride," The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 7, Issue 39, Pages 27-30, January 1861.
  (Source: Making of America, Cornell University Library.)
  (Included in Tales of a Wayside Inn, 1863.)
  [Wikipedia.]
• American Civil War, 1861 - 1865.
• Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865). "First Inaugural Address," 04 March 1861.
  [Abraham Lincoln: "Inaugural Address," March 4, 1861. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25818.]
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org.]
  Also in: Lincoln: Speeches and Writings 1859-1865. Don E. Fehrenbacher, editor. New York: Library of America, 1989.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
  Also in: American Speeches: Political Oratory from the Revolution to the Civil War. Ted Widmer, editor. New York: Library of America, 2006.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Abraham Lincoln, "First Annual Message," 03 December 1861.
  [Abraham Lincoln: "First Annual Message," December 3, 1861. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29502.]
• Serfdom in Russia, Emancipation Reform of 1861.
• Emanuel Leutze (1816–1868). Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way, 1861.
• Frederick Law Olmsted (1822–1903). Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom: A Traveller's Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States. London: Sampson Low, Son, & Co., 1861. American edition: The Cotton Kingdom: A Traveller's Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States. New York: Mason Brothers, 1861.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, New York edition, vol 1 of 2; Archive.org, New York edition, vol 2 of 2.]
  Reprinted: Frederick Law Olmsted. The Cotton Kingdom: A Traveller's Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States, 1853-1861. Arthur M. Schlesinger, editor. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1953. New York: De Capo Press, Inc. (Perseus Books Group / Hachette), 1996.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Samuel Smiles (1812–1904). Lives of the Engineers, with an Account of Their Principal Works. London: John Murray, 1861.
  [Archive.org, Toronto set: vol 1 of 4 (Embanking and Draining; Myddelton; Roads; Bridges, Harbours and Ferries; Brindley); vol 2 of 4 (Smeaton; Rennie; Telford); vol 3 of 4 (George and Robert Stevenson); vol 4 of 4 (Boulton and Watt).
  Archive.org, California set: vol 1 of 4; vol 2 of 4; vol 3 of 4; vol 4 of 4.
  Archive.org, 1904 set: vol 1 of 5 (Early Engineering); vol 2 of 5 (Harbours-Lighthouses-Bridges); vol 3 of 5 (Roads); vol 4 of 5 (The Steam-Engine); vol 5 of 5 (The Locomotive).]

~~~~~ 1862 ~~~~~

• Julia Ward Howe (1819–1910), "Battle Hymn of the Republic," The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 9, Issue 52, Pages 145-146, February 1862.
  (Source: Making of America, Cornell University Library.)
  [Wikipedia.]
• Legal Tender Act of 1862.
• Homestead Act of 1862, signed into law on 20 May 1862.
  Homestead Acts.
• Pacific Railroad Acts 1862; 1863; 1864; 1865; 1866.
• Revenue Act of 1862, 01 July 1862.
• Morrill Act of 1862, effective 02 July 1862.
• Dakota War of 1862, August - December 1862.
• Emancipation Proclamation, signed 22 September 1862, effective 01 January 1863.
• Abraham Lincoln, "Proclamation 93 — Declaring the Objectives of the War Including Emancipation of Slaves in Rebellious States on January 1, 1863," 22 September 1862.
  [Abraham Lincoln: "Proclamation 93—Declaring the Objectives of the War Including Emancipation of Slaves in Rebellious States on January 1, 1863," September 22, 1862. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=69782.]
• Abraham Lincoln, "Second Annual Message," 01 December 1862.
  [Abraham Lincoln: "Second Annual Message," December 1, 1862. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29503.]

~~~~~ 1863 ~~~~~

• Abraham Lincoln, "Proclamation 95 — Regarding the Status of Slaves in States Engaged in Rebellion Against the United States [Emancipation Proclamation]," 01 January 1863.
  [Abraham Lincoln: "Proclamation 95—Regarding the Status of Slaves in States Engaged in Rebellion Against the United States [Emancipation Proclamation]," January 1, 1863. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=69880.]
• New York City draft riots, 13–16 July 1863.
• Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865). "Address at the Dedication of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania," 19 November 1863.
  [Abraham Lincoln: "Address at the Dedication of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania," November 19, 1863. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=73959.]
  Wikipedia.
  Also in: Lincoln: Speeches and Writings 1859-1865. Don E. Fehrenbacher, editor. New York: Library of America, 1989.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
  Also in: American Speeches: Political Oratory from the Revolution to the Civil War. Ted Widmer, editor. New York: Library of America, 2006.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Edward Everett (1794-1865) and Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865). An Oration Delivered on the Battlefield of Gettysburg (November 19, 1863): at the Consecration of the Cemetery. New York: Baker & Godwin, 1863.
  [Archive.org.]
• Abraham Lincoln, "Third Annual Message," 08 December 1863.
  [Abraham Lincoln: "Third Annual Message," December 8, 1863. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29504.]
• Ten percent plan, executive order issued on 08 December 1863, Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction.
• Abraham Lincoln, "Proclamation 108 — Amnesty and Reconstruction," 08 December 1863.
  [Abraham Lincoln: "Proclamation 108—Amnesty and Reconstruction," December 8, 1863. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=69987.]
• L. M. Alcott (1832-1888). Hospital Sketches. Boston: James Redpath, 1863.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, California; Archive.org, Brigham Young University; Archive.org, Duke University.]
  Reprinted: Louisa M. Alcott. Hospital Sketches and Camp and Fireside Stories. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1884.
  [Archive.org.]
  Reprinted: Louisa May Alcott. Hospital Sketches. Bedford Series in History & Culture. Edited with an Introduction by Alice Fahs. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's (Macmillan), 2003.
  [Google Books; Amazon.com.]
  Reprinted: Louisa May Alcott. Civil War Hospital Sketches. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 2006.
  [Publisher; Amazon.com.]
• Edward Everett Hale (1822-1909), "The Man without a Country," The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, Issue 73, Pages 665-680, December 1863.
  (Source: Making of America, Cornell University Library.)
  [Wikipedia.]
  Included in: Edward E. Hale. If, Yes, and Perhaps. Four Possibilities and Six Exaggerations, with Some Bits of Fact. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1868. Boston: Fields, Osgood, & Co., 1869.
  [Archive.org, 1868; Archive.org, 1869.]
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807–1882). Tales of a Wayside Inn. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1863.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Library of Congress; Archive.org, Toronto.]

~~~~~ 1864 ~~~~~

• Wade–Davis Bill, passed by Congress 02 July 1864, a plan for Reconstruction; vetoed by Lincoln.
• Roger B. Taney, (1777–1864), Chief Justice of the United States, March 1836 – October 1864, died in October 1864.
• United States presidential election, 1864, Lincoln versus McClellan.
  Copperhead.
• Salmon P. Chase (1808–1873), Chief Justice of the United States, December 1864 – May 1873.

~~~~~ 1865 ~~~~~

• Black Codes, 1865 and 1866.
• Freedmen's Bureau, established 03 March 1865.
• Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865). "Second Inaugural Address," 04 March 1865.
  [Abraham Lincoln: "Inaugural Address," March 4, 1865. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25819.]
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org.]
  Also in: Lincoln: Speeches and Writings 1859-1865. Don E. Fehrenbacher, editor. New York: Library of America, 1989.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
  Also in: American Speeches: Political Oratory from the Revolution to the Civil War. Ted Widmer, editor. New York: Library of America, 2006.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Conclusion of the American Civil War.
• Reconstruction Era, 1865 - 1877.
• Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, 14 April 1865.
• Presidency of Andrew Johnson, April 1865 - March 1869.
• Jordan Anderson (1825–1907), "Letter from a Freedman to His Old Master," 07 August 1865.
• Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified 06 December 1865.
• Edward Everett Hale (1822-1909), editor. The President's Words: A Selection of Passages from the Speeches, Addresses, and Letters of Abraham Lincoln. Boston: Walker, Fuller, and Company, 1865.
  [Archive.org.]
• Francis Parkman (1823-1893). France and England in North America. Seven Volumes. 1865-1892.
  [Wikipedia.]
  Reprinted: Francis Parkman. France and England in North America. Two Volumes. Edited by David Levin. New York: Library of America, 1983.
  [Publisher, vol 1 of 2; Publisher, vol 2 of 2; Google Books, vol 1 of 2; Google Books, vol 2 of 2; Amazon.com, vol 1 of 2; Amazon.com, vol 2 of 2.]
• Albert D. Richardson (1833-1869). The Secret Service, the Field, the Dungeon, and the Escape. Hartford, Conn.: American Publishing Company, 1865.
  [Archive.org, Library of Congress; Archive.org, Lincoln Financial Foundation Collection.]
• Carl Schurz (1829–1906), "The Condition of the South: Extracts from the Report of Major-General Carl Schurz, on the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana: Addressed to the President," 1865.
  [Archive.org.]
• Mark Twain (1835–1910), "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," The Saturday Press, 18 November 1865.
  [Wikipedia.]
  (First published in book form in 1867.)
• Walt Whitman (1819–1892). Drum-Taps. New York, 1865.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Brigham Young University; Archive.org, California.]
• Walt Whitman (1819–1892). Sequel to Drum-Taps. Washington, 1865.
  [Wikipedia.]
• Walt Whitman, "O Captain! My Captain!," 1865.
• Walt Whitman, "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd," 1865.

~~~~~ 1866 ~~~~~

• Civil Rights Act of 1866, enacted 09 April 1866.
• Memphis riots of 1866, 01-03 May 1866.
• Southern Homestead Act of 1866, effective June 1866, repealed June 1876.
• Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, passed by Congress June 1866, ratification completed 09 July 1868.
• New Orleans riot, 30 July 1866.
• Sidney Andrews (1837-1880). The South since the War. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1866.
  [Archive.org, Wellesley College.]
  Reprinted: Sidney Andrews. The South since the War. Abridged with a new Introduction by Heather Cox Richardson. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• P. T. Barnum (1810–1891). The Humbugs of the World: An Account of Humbugs, Delusions, Impositions, Quackeries, Deceits and Deceivers Generally, in All Ages. New York: Carleton, 1866. London: John Camden Hotten, 1866.
  [Archive.org, New York; Archive.org, London.]
• Kate Cumming (1830–1909). A Journal of Hospital Life in the Confederate Army of Tennessee. Louisville, KY: John P. Morton & Co., 1866.
  [Archive.org, National Library of Medicine.]
• Herman Melville (1819–1891). Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1866.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Brigham Young University; Archive.org, Lincoln Financial Foundation Collection; Archive.org, California.]
• Edward A. Pollard (1832–1872), editor. Echoes from the South: Compromising the Most Important Speeches, Proclamations, and Public Acts Emanating from the South during the Late War. New York: E. B. Treat & Co., 1866.
  [Archive.org.]
• Edward A. Pollard (1832–1872). The Lost Cause; A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates. New York: E. B. Treat & Co., 1866. New and Enlarged Edition, New York: E. B. Treat & Co., 1867.
  [Archive.org, 1866, Library of Congress; Archive.org, 1866, Civil War Documents; Archive.org, 1866, New York Public Library; Archive.org, 1866, California; Archive.org, 1867, Library of Congress; Archive.org, 1867, Brigham Young University.]
• Whitelaw Reid (1837–1912). After the War: A Southern Tour. May 1, 1865, to May 1, 1866. New York: Moore, Wilstach & Baldwin, 1866. London: Sampson Low, Son & Co., 1866.
  [Archive.org.]
  Reprinted: Whitelaw Reid. After the War: A Tour of the Southern States, 1865-1866. Edited by C. Vann Woodward. New York: Harper Torchbooks (Harper & Row), 1965.
  [Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• J. T. Trowbridge (1827–1916). The South: A Tour of Its Battlefields and Ruined Cities, A Journey Through the Desolated States, and Talks with the People. Hartford, Conn.: L. Stebbins, 1866.
  [Archive.org, Library of Congress; Archive.org, Northeastern University.]
  Reprinted: John Townsend Trowbridge. The South: A Tour of Its Battlefields and Ruined Cities, A Journey Through the Desolated States, and Talks with the People, 1867. J.H. Segars, editor. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Pres, 2006.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Amasa Walker (1799–1875). The Science of Wealth: A Manual of Political Economy. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1866. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1872.
  [Archive.org, 1866; Archive.org, 1872.]

~~~~~ 1867 ~~~~~

• Tenure of Office Act (1867).
• Reconstruction Acts, March 1867 - March 1868.
• Alaska Purchase, from the Russian Empire, on 30 March 1867.
• Jefferson Davis (1808–1889) released from prison April 1867.
• "The 1867 Constitution Act officially proclaimed Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867."
• Medicine Lodge Treaty, October 1867.
• Nitroglycerin, invented in 1847.
  Dynamite, a stabilized form of nitroglycerin, patented in 1867 by Alfred Nobel (1833–1896).
  Explosive material: History.
  The development of high explosives, an example of the growing sophistication of chemical science and the chemical industry, significantly promotes the mining industry during the late Nineteenth Century.
• Walter Bagehot (1826–1877). The English Constitution. London: Chapman and Hall, 1867.
  [Wikipedia; Google Books, British Library; Google Books, New York Public Library.]
• John William De Forest (1826–1906). Miss Ravenel's Conversion from Secession to Loyalty. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1867.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, California; Archive.org, North Carolina.]
  Reprinted: John W. De Forest. Miss Ravenel's Conversion from Secession to Loyalty. Introduction by Gary Scharnhorst. Penguin Classics, 2000.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Joseph Lister (1827–1912) publishes his results with aseptic surgical techniques in 1867.
  The Germ theory of disease emerges during the 1850s-1870s: Robert Koch (1843–1910); Louis Pasteur (1822–1895).
• Albert D. Richardson (1833-1869). Beyond the Mississippi; from the Great River to the Great Ocean. Hartford, Conn.: American Publishing Company, 1867.
  [Archive.org, Library of Congress.]
• Mark Twain (1835–1910). The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, and Other Sketches. New York: C.H. Webb, 1867.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, 1867; Archive.org, 1869.]

~~~~~ 1868 ~~~~~

• Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, 1868.
  Radical Republican.
• Treaty of Fort Laramie, April 1868.
• United States presidential election, 1868, Grant versus Seymour.
• Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888). Little Women, or, Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1868.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, 1869, vol 1 of 2; Archive.org, 1869, vol 2 of 2.]
  Reprinted: Louisa May Alcott. Little Women, Little Men, Jo's Boys. Edited by Elaine Showalter. New York: Library of America, 2005.
  [Publisher; Amazon.com.]
• Horatio Alger, Jr. (1832–1899). Ragged Dick; or, Street Life in New York with the Boot Blacks. Boston: Loring, 1868.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Brandeis University; Archive.org, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.]
• Thomas McIntyre Cooley (1824–1898). A Treatise on the Constitutional Limitations Which Rest Upon the Legislative Power of the States of the American Union. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1868; 1871; 1874; 1878; 1883; 1890; 1903.
  [Archive.org, 3e, 1874; Archive.org, 6e, 1890; Archive.org, 7e, 1903.]
• Charles Darwin (1809–1882). The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication. Two Volumes. London: John Murray, 1868. New York: Orange Judd & Company, 1868.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, New York, vol 1 of 2, NCSU; Archive.org, New York, vol 2 of 2, NCSU; Archive.org, London, vol 1 of 2, Edinburgh; Archive.org, London, vol 2 of 2, Edinburgh.]
• Horace Greeley (1811–1872). Recollections of a Busy Life. New York: J. B. Ford & Company, 1868.
  [Archive.org, California; Archive.org, Lincoln Financial Foundation Collection; Archive.org, Illinois; Archive.org, Library of Congress.]
• Bret Harte (1836–1902), "The Luck of Roaring Camp," The Overland Monthly, Volume 1, Number 2, Pages 183-189, August 1868.
  (Source: Making of America Journals, University of Michigan.)
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org.]
  (First appeared in book form in The Luck of Roaring Camp, and Other Sketches, 1870.)
• Frances Flora Bond Palmer (1812–1876) and Currier and Ives. Across the Continent: "Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Way", 1868.
  Copies at: National Gallery of Art; Philadelphia Museum of Art; Library of Congress.
• Edward A. Pollard (1832–1872). The Lost Cause Regained. New York: G.W. Carleton & Co., 1868.
  [Archive.org.]
• Albert D. Richardson (1833-1869). A Personal History of Ulysses S. Grant. Hartford, Conn.: American Publishing Company, 1868.
  [Archive.org, Library of Congress; Archive.org, New York Public Library; Archive.org, Library of Congress.]
• J. T. Trowbridge (1827–1916). A Picture of the Desolated States; and the Work of Restoration. 1865-1868. Hartford, Conn.: L. Stebbins, 1868.
  [Archive.org, Library of Congress; Archive.org, Lincoln Financial Foundation Collection; Archive.org, New York Public Library; Archive.org, Toronto.]

~~~~~ 1869 ~~~~~

• Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant, March 1869 – March 1877.
• Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration scandals.
• Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration reforms.
• C. Vann Woodward, "The Lowest Ebb," American Heritage, Volume 8, Issue 3, April 1957.
• Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885). "First Inaugural Address," 04 March 1869.
  [Ulysses S. Grant: "Inaugural Address," March 4, 1869. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25820.]
• Texas v. White, decided 12 April 1869.
• First Transcontinental Railroad completed May 1869.
• Black Friday (1869) (also called the Gold Ring), a gold market manipulation and panic, 24 September 1869.
• Suez Canal, opened November 1869.
• Bret Harte (1836–1902), "The Outcasts of Poker Flat," The Overland Monthly, Volume 2, Number 1, Pages 41-47, January 1869.
  (Source: Making of America Journals, University of Michigan.)
  [Wikipedia; Google Books.]
  (First appeared in book form in The Luck of Roaring Camp, and Other Sketches, 1870.)
• Mark Twain (1835–1910). The Innocents Abroad, or The New Pilgrims' Progress. Hartford, Conn.: American Publishing Company, 1869.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org.]
  Reprinted: Mark Twain. The Innocents Abroad, Roughing It. New York: Library of America, 1984.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• George Westinghouse (1846–1914) invents a railroad air brake system in 1869 which is patented in 1873.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~ 1870s ~~~~~

• 1870s.
• Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified 03 February 1870.
• Enforcement Acts, 1870 and 1871.
• Enforcement Act of 1870, May 1870.
• United States Department of Justice began operations on 01 July 1870.
• Franco-Prussian War, July 1870 – May 1871.
• Standard Oil Company founded in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller (1839–1937).
• Bret Harte (1836–1902). The Luck of Roaring Camp, and Other Sketches. Boston: Fields, Osgood, & Co., 1870.
  [Archive.org, first issue, 1870; Archive.org, second issue, 1870; Archive.org, third issue, 1870; Archive.org, fifth issue, 1871; Archive.org, 1871.]
  Reprinted: Bret Harte. The Luck of Roaring Camp and Other Writings. With an Introduction and Notes by Gary Scharnhorst. New York: Penguin Classics, 2001.
  [Publisher; Amazon.com.]

~~~~~ 1871 ~~~~~

• First Enforcement Act of 1871, February 1871.
• Paris Commune, March–May, 1871.
• Second Enforcement Act of 1871, April 1871.
• Great Chicago Fire, 08-10 October 1871.
• "Boss" Tweed (1823–1878) is first arrested in September/October 1871 as his corruptions are gradually exposed.
  Samuel J. Tilden (1814–1886) leads the Committee of Seventy prominent citizens which summons the civic fortitude necessary to prosecute Tweed.
  Tilden earns a reputation as a government reformer while subsequently serving as a State Assemblyman and as Governor of New York.
  This leads to Tilden's nomination as the Democratic Party's candidate for president in 1876.
• Charles Francis Adams, Jr. (1835-1915) and Henry Adams (1838–1918). Chapters of Erie, and Other Essays. Boston: James R. Osgood and Company, 1871. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1886.
  [Archive.org, 1871, California; Archive.org, 1886, Toronto; Archive.org, 1886, California.]
• Charles Darwin (1809–1882). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. In Two Volumes. London: John Murray, 1871. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1871.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, London, vol 1 of 2; Archive.org, London, vol 2 of 2; Archive.org, New York, vol 1 of 2; Archive.org, New York, vol 2 of 2.]
• Thomas Prentice Kettell (1811-1878) and others. One Hundred Years' Progress of the United States. Hartford, Conn.: L. Stebbins, 1871.
  [Archive.org.]
• Walt Whitman (1819–1892). Leaves of Grass. 1855. Boston: Thayer and Eldridge, 1860. Washington, D.C.: J.S. Redfield, 1871; 1872. Philadelphia: Rees Welsh & Co., 1882.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, 1860; Archive.org, 1871; Archive.org, 1872; Archive.org, 1882.]
• Walt Whitman (1819–1892). Democratic Vistas. Washington, D.C., 1871.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Middlebury College; Archive.org, California.]

~~~~~ 1872 ~~~~~

• Crédit Mobilier of America scandal, 1872.
• Yellowstone National Park, the first National Park in the U.S., established by law signed 01 March 1872.
• Liberal Republican Party (United States), 1872.
• United States presidential election, 1872, Grant versus Greeley.
• William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878), editor. Picturesque America; or, The Land We Live In. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1872; 1874.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Volume 1 of 2, North Carolina; Archive.org, Volume 2 of 2, North Carolina.]
• John Gast (1842–1896). American Progress, 1872.
  Martha A. Sandweiss, "John Gast, American Progress, 1872," Picturing United States History, City University of New York.
• Clarence King (1842–1901). Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada. Boston: James R. Osgood and Company, 1872. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Low, & Searle, 1872.
  [Archive.org, New York Public Library; Archive.org, California; Archive.org, Library of Congress; Archive.org, California.]
• William Still (1821–1902). The Underground Rail Road. A Record of Facts, Authentic Narratives, Letters, &c.. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1872.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Boston Public Library; Archive.org, Wellesley; Archive.org, Library of Congress; Archive.org, Illinois; Archive.org, Gettysburg College.]
• Henry Wilson (1812–1875). History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America. In Three Volumes. Boston: James R. Osgood and Company, 1872; 1874; 1877. (Later editions published by Houghton, Mifflin Company.)
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, vol 1 of 3; Archive.org, vol 2 of 3; Archive.org, vol 3 of 3.]

~~~~~ 1873 ~~~~~

• Panic of 1873.
• Long Depression, 1873-1879 or 1873-1896, depending on how you measure it.
• Timber Culture Act, March 1873.
• Comstock Act, March 1873.
• Colfax massacre, 13 April 1873.
• Slaughter-House Cases, 14 April 1873.
• William Ellery Channing (1818-1901). Thoreau: The Poet-Naturalist. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1873.
  [Archive.org.]
• Mark Twain (1835–1910) and Charles Dudley Warner (1829–1900). The Gilded Age: A Tale of To-Day. Hartford: American Publishing Company, 1873.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org 1874.]
  Reprinted: Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner. The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today. Edited with and Introduction and Notes by Louis J. Budd. New York: Penguin Classics, 2001.
  [Publisher; Amazon.com.]
  Reprinted: Mark Twain. The Gilded Age and Later Novels. New York: Library of America, 2002.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Jules Verne (1828–1905). Around the World in Eighty Days. Translated by George M. Towle. Boston: James R. Osgood and Company, 1873.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org.]

~~~~~ 1874 ~~~~~

• Morrison Waite (1816–1888), Chief Justice of the United States, January 1874 – March 1888.
• United States elections, 1874.
• George Armstrong Custer (1839–1876). My Life on the Plains. or, Personal Experiences with Indians. New York: Sheldon and Company, 1874.
  [Archive.org, 1874, Library of Congress; Archive.org, 1876 with illustrated cover, California.]
• John William Draper (1811–1882). A History of the Conflict between Religion and Science. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1874.
  [Archive.org; Archive.org, 1875, University of Connecticut; Archive.org, 1875, Princeton Theological Seminary Library.]

~~~~~ 1875 ~~~~~

• Specie Payment Resumption Act, January 1875.
• Civil Rights Act of 1875, March 1875.
• Whiskey Ring, a scandal exposed in 1875.
  Investigated by Secretary of the Treasury Benjamin Bristow (1832–1896).
  President Grant's private secretary Orville E. Babcock (1835–1884) implicated.

~~~~~ 1876 ~~~~~

• Trader post scandal, Congressional investigation began February 1876.
  Secretary of War William W. Belknap (1829–1890) implicated.
• Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922) awarded a United States patent for the electric telephone, March 1876.
• United States v. Cruikshank, 27 March 1876.
• Great Sioux War of 1876.
• Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia, May - November 1876.
• Southern Homestead Act of 1866, repealed June 1876.
• Battle of the Little Bighorn, 25–26 June 1876.
• United States presidential election, 1876, Hayes versus Tilden.
• Ashtabula River railroad disaster, 29 December 1876.
• "In 1876, Nikolaus Otto (1832–1891), working with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, patented the compressed charge, four-cycle engine."
  History of the internal combustion engine.
• Herman Melville (1819–1891). Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1876.
  [Wikipedia; Google Books, vol 2 of 2.]
  Reprinted: Herman Melville. Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land. Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 1991.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
  Reprinted: Herman Melville. Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land. Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 2008.
  [Publisher; Amazon.com.]
• Mark Twain (1835–1910). The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Hartford, Conn.: The American Publishing Company, 1876.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org.]
  Reprinted: Mark Twain. Mississippi Writings. Edited by Guy Cardwell. New York: Library of America, 1982.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Walt Whitman (1819–1892). Two Rivulets: Including Democratic Vistas, Centennial Songs, and Passage to India. Camden, New Jersey, 1876.
  [Archive.org.]

~~~~~ 1877 ~~~~~

• Compromise of 1877.
• Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes, March 1877 – March 1881.
• Nez Perce War, June – October 1877.
• Bell Telephone Company, organized July 1877.
• Great Railroad Strike of 1877, July – September 1877.
• Jim Crow laws.
• New South.
• Thomas Edison (1847–1931) invents the Phonograph in 1877.
• Anna Sewell (1820–1878). Black Beauty: His Groom and Companions. The Autobiography of a Horse. Translated from the Original Equine. 1877.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, 1897; Archive.org, 1902.]

~~~~~ 1878 ~~~~~

• Bland–Allison Act, February 1878.
• Posse Comitatus Act, June 1878.
• Jonathan Baxter Harrison (1835–1907), "Certain Dangerous Tendencies in American Life," The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 42, Issue 252, Pages 385-403, October 1878.
  (Source: Making of America, Cornell University Library.)
• Jonathan Baxter Harrison (1835–1907), "The Nationals, Their Origin and their Aims," The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 42, Issue 253, Pages 521-530, November 1878.
  (Source: Making of America, Cornell University Library.)
• Charles Francis Adams, Jr. (1835-1915). Railroads, Their Origin and Problems. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1878. Revised Edition, with Appendix. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1886.
  [Archive.org, 1879, Illinois; Archive.org, 1886, Toronto.]

~~~~~ 1879 ~~~~~

• "In 1879, Karl Benz (1844–1929) patented a reliable two-stroke gas engine."
  History of the internal combustion engine.
• [Albert Gallatin (1761–1849).] The Writings of Albert Gallatin. Edited by Henry Adams (1838–1918). Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1879.
  [Archive.org: vol 1 of 3; vol 2 of 3; vol 3 of 3.]
• Henry George (1839–1897). Progress and Poverty: An Inquiry into the Cause of Industrial Depressions and of Increase of Want with Increase of Wealth: The Remedy. San Francisco, 1879. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1881. London: William Reeves, 1884. New York: Robert Schalkenbach Foundation, 1935.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, 1881; Archive.org, 1884; Archive.org, 1935; Online Edition at Robert Schalkenbach Foundation; Publisher; Amazon.com; Robert Schalkenbach Foundation.]
• John Russell Young (1841-1899). Around the World with General Grant: A Narrative of the Visit of General U.S. Grant, Ex-President of the United States, to Various Countries in Europe, Asia, and Africa, in 1877, 1878, 1879. Two Volumes. New York: The American News Company, 1879.
  [Archive.org, vol 1 of 2, California; Archive.org, vol 2 of 2, California; Archive.org, vol 1 of 2, Getty; Archive.org, vol 2 of 2, Getty.]

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~ 1880s ~~~~~

• 1880s.
• William James (1842–1910), "Great Men, Great Thoughts, and the Environment," The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 46, Issue 276, Pages 441-459, October 1880.
  (Source: Making of America, Cornell University Library.)
• United States presidential election, 1880, Garfield versus Hancock.
• Henry Adams (1838–1918). Democracy: An American Novel. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1880. London: Macmillan and Co., 1882.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org (page one missing); Archive.org, 1882.]
  Reprinted: Henry Adams. Democracy, Esther, Mont Saint Michel and Chartres, The Education of Henry Adams. Edited by Jayne Samuels and Ernest Samuels. New York: Library of America, 1983.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
  Reprinted: Henry Adams. Democracy: An American Novel. Introduction by Earl N. Harbert. Penguin Classics, 2008.
  [Publisher; Amazon.com.]
• George Bancroft (1800-1891). History of the United States. Boston: various publishers, 1834-1870s. History of the United States of America: From the Discovery of the Continent [to 1789]. The Author's Last Revision. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1880s.
  [Archive.org: vol 1 of 6; vol 2 of 6; vol 3 of 6; vol 4 of 6; vol 5 of 6; vol 6 of 6.]
• James S. Brisbin (1837-1892). From the Tow-path to the White House: The Early Life and Public Career of James A. Garfield. Philadelphia: Hubbard Bros., 1880.
  [Archive.org, Toronto; Archive.org, California.]
• Jonathan Baxter Harrison (1835–1907). Certain Dangerous Tendencies in American Life, and Other Papers. Boston: Houghton, Osgood and Company, 1880.
  [Archive.org, California; Archive.org, Toronto.]
• Lew Wallace (1827–1905). Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1880.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Brigham Young University; Archive.org, California.]

~~~~~ 1881 ~~~~~

• James A. Garfield: Presidency, 1881, March – September 1881.
• Assassination of James A. Garfield, 02 July 1881.
• Presidency of Chester A. Arthur, September 1881 – March 1885.
• James S. Brisbin (1837-1892). The Beef Bonanza; or, How to Get Rich on the Plains. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1881.
  [Archive.org, green cover; Archive.org, blue cover; Archive.org, brown/red cover.]
• Frederick Douglass (1818–1895). Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. Hartford, Conn.: Park Publishing Co., 1881. Revised Edition, Boston: De Wolfe & Fiske Co., 1892.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Wellesley; Archive.org, California; Archive.org, California; Archive.org, 1892, North Carolina.]
  Reprinted: Frederick Douglass. Autobiographies. Edited by Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: Library of America, 1994.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]

~~~~~ 1882 ~~~~~

• Chinese Exclusion Act, May 1882.
• Designed by Thomas Edison (1847–1931), the first electric power distribution system, the Pearl Street Station in Manhattan, begins operating, September 1882.
  See also the history of the Incandescent light bulb.
• Walt Whitman (1819–1892). Specimen Days & Collect. Philadelphia: Rees Welsh & Co., 1882.
  [Archive.org.]

~~~~~ 1883 ~~~~~

• Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, January 1883.
• Brooklyn Bridge, construction completed, opens May 1883.
  • John A. Roebling (1806–1869).
  • Washington Roebling (1837–1926).
• Civil Rights Cases, October 1883.
• U.S. and Canadian railroads implement Standard time on Sunday, 18 November 1883.
  • History of time in the United States.
  • Time in the United States.
  • Time zone.
  • Standard Time Act, March 1918.
• John Hay (1838–1905). The Bread-Winners: A Social Study. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1883.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, 1883, Lincoln Financial Foundation Collection; Archive.org, 1884, California.]
• William Graham Sumner (1840–1910). What Social Classes Owe to Each Other. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1883.
  [Archive.org.]
• Mark Twain (1835–1910). Life on the Mississippi. Boston: James R. Osgood and Company, 1883. Montreal: Dawson Brothers, 1883.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Boston ed., North Carolina; Archive.org, Boston ed., Boston Public Library; Archive.org, Montreal ed., Toronto.]
  Reprinted: Mark Twain. Mississippi Writings. Edited by Guy Cardwell. New York: Library of America, 1982.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Francis Amasa Walker (1840–1897). Land and Its Rent. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1883.
  [Archive.org, Library of Congress.]
• Francis Amasa Walker (1840–1897). Political Economy. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1883. Second Edition, New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1887. Third Edition, New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1888.
  [Archive.org, 1883; Archive.org, 1887; Archive.org, 1888.]

~~~~~ 1884 ~~~~~

• Panic of 1884.
• Depression of 1882–85.
• United States presidential election, 1884, Cleveland versus Blaine.
• Charles Parsons (1854–1931) invents the modern compound steam turbine in 1884. (Steam turbines are used, for example, to drive electricity generation equipment and in ship engines.)
• Mark Twain (1835–1910). Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Tom Sawyer's Comrade). London, 1884. New York: Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, 1885, Getty; Archive.org, 1885, California; Archive.org, 1885, Duke.]
  Reprinted: Mark Twain. Mississippi Writings. Edited by Guy Cardwell. New York: Library of America, 1982.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]

~~~~~ 1885 ~~~~~

• Grover Cleveland: First term as president (1885–1889).
• Canadian Pacific Railway, last spike driven 07 November 1885.
• George Washington Cable (1844–1925). The Silent South together with The Freedman's Case in Equity and The Convict Lease System. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1885.
  [Archive.org, California; Archive.org, Toronto.]
• Arthur Twining Hadley (1856 –1930). Railroad Transportation: Its History and Its Laws. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1885.
  [Google Books; Archive.org, 1886; Archive.org, 1900.]
• William Dean Howells (1837–1920). The Rise of Silas Lapham. Boston: Ticknor and Company, 1885.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, California; Archive.org, Toronto.]
  Reprinted: William Dean Howells. Novels 1875–1886. Edited by Edwin Cady. New York: Library of America, 1982.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Josiah Strong (1847–1916). Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis. New York: The Baker & Taylor Co. for the American Home Missionary Society, 1885.
  [Archive.org.]

~~~~~ 1886 ~~~~~

• Great Southwest railroad strike of 1886.
• Haymarket affair, May 1886.
• Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co., May 1886.
• Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois, October 1886.
• Statue of Liberty, dedicated 28 October 1886.
• Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), "Machine Politics in New York City," The Century, Volume 33, Number 1, Pages 74-83, November 1886.
  (Source: Making of America, Cornell University Library.)
• John Charles Frémont (1813–1890). Memoirs of My Life. Chicago and New York: Belford, Clarke & Company, 1886.
  [Archive.org, 1886; Archive.org, 1887.]
• James F. Hudson. Railways and the Republic. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1886.
  [Google Books, Michigan; Archive.org, Toronto; Archive.org, California.]
• Alexander K. McClure (1828–1909). The South: Its Industrial, Financial, and Political Condition. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1886.
  [Archive.org, Library of Congress; Archive.org, Toronto.]

~~~~~ 1887 ~~~~~

• Dawes Act (also known as the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887), February 1887.
• Interstate Commerce Act of 1887.
• Robert Underwood Johnson (1853–1937) and Clarence Clough Buel (1850–1933), editors. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. New York: The Century Co., 1887.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Lincoln Financial Foundation Collection: vol 1 of 4; vol 2 of 4; vol 3 of 4; vol 4 of 4.]
• Arthur Mellen Wellington (1847–1895). The Economic Theory of the Location of Railroads, Revised and Enlarged Edition. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1887. Fifth Edition, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1893.
  [Archive.org, 1887; Archive.org, 1893.]
  White discusses this book in Railroaded.

~~~~~ 1888 ~~~~~

• United States presidential election, 1888, Harrison versus Cleveland.
• Edward Bellamy (1850–1898). Looking Backward: 2000–1887. Boston: Ticknor and Company, 1888.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org.]
• Nellie Bly (1864–1922). Six Months in Mexico. New York: American Publishers Corporation, 1888.
  [Wikipedia; Google Books.]
• James Bryce (1838–1922). The American Commonwealth. London: Macmillan and Co., 1888. Third Edition, London: Macmillan and Co., 1893-1895
  [Archive.org, Third Edition, vol 1 of 2; Archive.org, Third Edition, vol 2 of 2.]
  Reprinted: James Bryce. The American Commonwealth. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1995.
  [Publisher; Amazon.com.]

~~~~~ 1889 ~~~~~

• Indian Appropriations Act, 02 March 1889.
• Presidency of Benjamin Harrison, March 1889 – March 1893.
• Edison General Electric Company, incorporated April 1889.
• Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889, 22 April 1889.
• Johnstown Flood, 31 May 1889.
• Henry Adams (1838–1918). The History of the United States of America 1801–1817. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1889-1891.
  [Wikipedia.]
  Reprinted: Henry Adams. History of the United States During the Administrations of Thomas Jefferson. Edited by Earl Harbert. New York: Library of America, 1986.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
  and
  Henry Adams. History of the United States During the Administrations of James Madison. Edited by Earl Harbert. New York: Library of America, 1986.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Lewis H. Blair (1834–1916). The Prosperity of the South Dependent Upon the Elevation of the Negro. Richmond, Va.: Everett Waddey, 1889.
  [Google Books; Archive.org, NYPL.]
  Reprinted: Lewis H. Blair. A Southern Prophecy: The Prosperity of the South Dependent Upon the Elevation of the Negro. Edited with an Introduction by C. Vann Woodward. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1964.
  [Google Books; Archive.org; Amazon.com.]
• David Ames Wells (1828–1898). Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on the Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1889.
  [Archive.org.]

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~ 1890s ~~~~~

• 1890s.
• Sherman Antitrust Act, July 1890.
• Tariff Act of 1890, also called the McKinley Tariff, October 1890.
• Ghost Dance movement/religion, 1889-1891.
• Wounded Knee Massacre, 29 December 1890.
• Ghost Dance War, December 1890 - January 1891.
• American Tobacco Company, founded in 1890 by James Buchanan Duke (1856–1925).
• Ambrose Bierce (1842–c.1914), "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge," The San Francisco Examiner, 13 July 1890.
  [Wikipedia.]
  First collected in:
  Ambrose Bierce. Tales of Soldiers and Civilians. San Francisco: E. L. G. Steele, 1891.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Brigham Young University; Archive.org, California.]
  Reprinted: Ambrose Bierce. The Devil’s Dictionary, Tales, & Memoirs. Edited by S. T. Joshi. New York: Library of America, 2011.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Nellie Bly (1864–1922). Around the World in Seventy-Two Days. New York: The Pictorial Weeklies Company, 1890.
  Reprinted: Nellie Bly. Around the World in Seventy-Two Days and Other Writings. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Jean Marie Lutes. New York: Penguin Classics, 2014.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• George Washington Cable (1844–1925). The Southern Struggle for Pure Government: An Address. Boston: Press of Samuel Usher, 1890.
  [Archive.org, Emory.]
• William D. Howells (1837–1920). A Hazard of New Fortunes: A Novel. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1890.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, vol 1 of 2; Archive.org, vol 2 of 2.]
  Reprinted: William Dean Howells. A Hazard of New Fortunes. Edited by Phillip Lopate. Penguin Classics, 2001.
  [Publisher; Amazon.com.]
• Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840–1914). The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1890. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1890.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org.]
  Reprinted: A. T. Mahan. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 1987.
  [Publisher; Amazon.com.]
  Reprinted: A. T. Mahan. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• John G. Nicolay (1832–1901) and John Hay (1838–1905). Abraham Lincoln: A History. In The Century Magazine. Condensed serial version of the book published in ten volumes in 1890, excerpted from The Century illustrated monthly magazine, volumes 33-39, new ser., v. 11-17, Nov. 1886 - Feb. 1890.
  [Archive.org, Lincoln Financial Foundation Collection.]
• John G. Nicolay (1832–1901) and John Hay (1838–1905). Abraham Lincoln: A History. Ten Volumes. New York: The Century Co., 1890.
  [Wikipedia;
  Archive.org, Lincoln Financial Foundation Collection, Arthur Dixon set: vol 1 of 10; vol 2 of 10; vol 3 of 10; vol 4 of 10; vol 5 of 10; vol 6 of 10; vol 7 of 10; vol 8 of 10; vol 9 of 10; vol 10 of 10.]
• Jacob A. Riis (1849–1914). How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1890.
  [Wikipedia; Google Books, 1890; Archive.org, 1932.]
• Christopher G. Tiedeman (1857-1903). The Unwritten Constitution of the United States: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Fundamentals of American Constitutional Law. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1890.
  [Archive.org, California; Archive.org, Toronto.]

~~~~~ 1891 ~~~~~

• Coal Creek War, Tennessee, April 1891 – August 1892.

~~~~~ 1892 ~~~~~

• Homestead Strike, June - July 1892.
• Carnegie Steel Company, legal organization July 1892.
• United States presidential election, 1892, Cleveland versus Harrison versus Weaver.
• 1892 New Orleans general strike, November 1892.
• Rudolf Diesel (1858–1913) granted patents for the Diesel engine in 1892.
  History of the internal combustion engine.
• Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840–1914). The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793-1812. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1892. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1892.
  [Archive.org, vol 1 of 2, Boston; Archive.org, vol 2 of 2, Boston; Archive.org, vol 1 of 2, London; Archive.org, vol 2 of 2, London.]
  Reprinted: A. T. Mahan. The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793-1812 . New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  [Publisher, vol 1 of 2; Publisher, vol 2 of 2; Google Books, vol 1 of 2; Google Books, vol 2 of 2; Amazon.com, vol 1 of 2; Amazon.com, vol 2 of 2.]
• Charlotte Perkins Stetson [Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935)], "The Yellow Wall-Paper," The New England Magazine, Volume 11, Issue 5, Pages 647-657, January 1892.
  (Source: Making of America, Cornell University Library.)
  Charlotte Perkins Stetson. The Yellow Wall Paper. Boston: Small, Maynard and Company, 1899; 1901.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, The New England Magazine; Archive.org, 1901.]
  Reprinted: Charlotte Perkins Gilman. The Yellow Wall-Paper, Herland, and Selected Writings. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Denise D. Knight. New York: Penguin Classics, 2009.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Ida B. Wells (1862–1931). Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases. New York: The New York Age Printers, 1892.
  [Archive.org, Project Gutenberg.]
  Reprinted: Ida B. Wells. Southern Horrors and Other Writings: The Anti-Lynching Campaign of Ida B. Wells, 1892-1900, Second Edition. Edited with an Introduction by Jacqueline Jones Royster. Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martins (Macmillan), 2016.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
  Reprinted: Ida B. Wells. The Light of Truth: Writings of an Anti-Lynching Crusader. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Mia Bay. New York: Penguin Classics, 2014.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]

~~~~~ 1893 ~~~~~

• Kingdom of Hawaii, 1795 - 1893.
  Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, January 1893.
  Provisional Government of Hawaii, January 1893 - July 1894.
  Republic of Hawaii, July 1894 - August 1898.
  Territory of Hawaii, August 1898 - August 1959, a territory of the United States.
• Grover Cleveland: Second term as president (1893–1897).
• Panic of 1893.
• World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago World's Fair, May - October 1893.
• Lizzie Borden (1860–1927), acquitted of murder charges 20 June 1893.
• Stephen Crane (1871–1900). Maggie: A Girl of the Streets. 1893. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1896.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, California.]
  Reprinted: Stephen Crane. Prose & Poetry. Edited by J. C. Levenson. New York: Library of America, 1984.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Ida B. Wells (1862–1931), Frederick Douglass (1818–1895), Irvine Garland Penn (1867–1930), Ferdinand Lee Barnett (1859–1936). The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in the World's Columbian Exposition. 1893.
  Reprinted: Ida B. Wells, Frederick Douglass, Irvine Garland Penn, Ferdinand Lee Barnett. The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in the World's Columbian Exposition. Edited by Robert W. Rydell. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• David O. Whitten, "The Depression of 1893," EH.net.
  [Citation: Whitten, David. “Depression of 1893″. EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. August 14, 2001. URL http://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-depression-of-1893/]
  Article based upon: Douglas Steeples and David O. Whitten. Democracy in Desperation: The Depression of 1893. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1998.
  [Google Books; Amazon.com.]

~~~~~ 1894 ~~~~~

• William Dean Howells (1837–1920), "Are We a Plutocracy?," The North American Review, Volume 158, Number 447, Pages 185-197, February 1894.
  (Source: Making of America, Cornell University Library.)
• Pullman Strike, May 1894.
• William Hope Harvey (1851–1936). Coin’s Financial School. Chicago: Coin Publishing Company, 1894.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, California; Archive.org, Toronto.]
  W. H. Harvey. Coin’s Financial School Up to Date. Chicago: Coin Publishing Company, 1895.
  [Archive.org.]
• Henry Demarest Lloyd (1847–1903). Wealth Against Commonwealth. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1894.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, 1899.]
• W. T. Stead (1849–1912). If Christ Came to Chicago!. London: The Review of Reviews, 1894.
  [Archive.org.]

~~~~~ 1895 ~~~~~

• Cotton States and International Exposition, Atlanta, September - December 1895.
• Booker T. Washington (1856–1915), "Atlanta Exposition Speech," 18 September 1895.
• William Dean Howells (1837–1920), "The Nature of Liberty," The Forum, Volume #, Number #, Pages 401-409, December 1895.
  (Source: Unz.org.)
• Stephen Crane (1871–1900). The Red Badge of Courage. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1895.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Brigham Young University.]
  Reprinted: Stephen Crane. Prose & Poetry. Edited by J. C. Levenson. New York: Library of America, 1984.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Kate Cumming (1830–1909). Gleanings from Southland: Sketches of Life and Manners of the People of the South before, during and after the War of Secession, with Extracts from the Author's Journal and Epitome of the New South. Birmingham [Ala.]: Roberts & Son, 1895.
  [Archive.org, Library of Congress.]
• John Sherman (1823–1900). Recollections of Forty Years in the House, Senate and Cabinet. An Autobiography. Chicago: The Werner Company, 1895. London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company, 1895. One volume "Popular Edition" Chicago: The Werner Company, 1896. Columbus, Ohio: Estill & Co., 1900.
  [Archive.org, vol 1 of 2, 1895; Archive.org, vol 2 of 2, 1895; Archive.org, 1896, Lincoln Financial Foundation Collection.]
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815–1902). The Woman's Bible. New York: European Publishing Company, 1895, 1898. New York: Arno Press, 1974. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1993.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Part 1 of 2, 1895; Archive.org, Part 2 of 2, 1898; Archive.org, 1974; Archive.org, 1993;
  Publisher, 1993; Google Books, 1993; Amazon.com, 1993.]

~~~~~ 1896 ~~~~~

• William Dean Howells (1837–1920), "Who Are Our Brethren?," The Century, Volume 51, Number 6, Pages 932–936, April 1896.
  (Source: Making of America, Cornell University Library.)
• Plessy v. Ferguson, May 1896.
• United States presidential election, 1896, McKinley versus Bryan.
• Harold Frederic (1856–1898). The Damnation of Theron Ware, or, Illumination. New York: Stone & Kimball, 1896.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, 1897, California.]
  Reprinted: Harold Frederic. The Damnation of Theron Ware. Introduction by Scott Donaldson. Penguin Classics, 1986.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Sarah Orne Jewett (1849–1909). The Country of the Pointed Firs. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1896.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, California.]
  Reprinted: Sarah Orne Jewett. Novels and Stories. Edited by Michael Davitt Bell. New York: Library of America, 1994.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Francis Amasa Walker (1840–1897). International Bimetallism. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1896.
  [Archive.org, Toronto.]
• Andrew Dickson White (1832–1918). A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1896. London: Macmillan and Company, 1896.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, vol 1 of 2, California; Archive.org, vol 2 of 2, California; Archive.org, vol 1 of 2, Yale; Archive.org, vol 2 of 2, Yale; Archive.org, vol 1 of 2, Princeton Theological Seminary; Archive.org, vol 2 of 2, Princeton Theological Seminary.]

~~~~~ 1897 ~~~~~

• Presidency of William McKinley, March 1897 – September 1901.

~~~~~ 1898 ~~~~~

• Spanish–American War, April – August, 1898.
• Wilmington insurrection of 1898 (also known as the Wilmington massacre of 1898 or the Wilmington race riot of 1898), 10 November 1898.
• Hamlin Garland (1860–1940). Ulysses S. Grant: His Life and Character. New York: Doubleday & McClure Co, 1898. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1920.
  [Archive.org, 1898, California; Archive.org, 1920, Toronto.]

~~~~~ 1899 ~~~~~

• Philippine–American War, February 1899 – July 1902.
• Elbert Hubbard (1856–1915). A Message to Garcia. 1899. East Aurora, N.Y: The Roycrofters, 1901; 1903.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, 1901, California; Archive.org, 1901, Boston Public Library; Archive.org, 1903.]
• Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929). The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1899.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, 1915.]

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ 1900s ~~~~~

• 1900s.
• United States presidential election, 1900, McKinley versus Bryan.
• L. Frank Baum (1856–1919). The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Chicago: George M. Hill Company, 1900.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org.]
• Theodore Dreiser (1871–1945). Sister Carrie. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co, 1900.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org.]
  Reprinted: Theodore Dreiser. Sister Carrie, Jennie Gerhardt, Twelve Men. Edited by Richard Lehan. New York: Library of America, 1987.
  [Publisher; Amazon.com.]

~~~~~ 1901 ~~~~~

• Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, New York, May – November 1901.
• Assassination of William McKinley, 06 September 1901.
• Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, September 1901 – March 1909.
• Jacob A. Riis. The Making of an American. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1901.
  [Archive.org.]
• Booker T. Washington. Up from Slavery. New York: Doubleday, Page and Company, 1901.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Wellesley College; Archive.org, North Carolina; Archive.org, Toronto.]
  Reprinted: Booker T. Washington. Up from Slavery. With an Introduction and Notes by Louis R. Harlan. Penguin Classics, 1986.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
  Reprinted: Booker T. Washington. Up from Slavery. (Dover Thrift Editions.) Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 1995.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
  Reprinted: Booker T. Washington. Up from Slavery. (Norton Critical Editions.) Edited by William L. Andrews. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1995.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
  Reprinted: Booker T. Washington. Up from Slavery: with Related Documents. (Bedford Series in History & Culture.) Edited by W. Fitzhugh Brundage. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's (Macmillan), 2002.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]

~~~~~ 1902 ~~~~~

• W. T. Stead (1849–1912). The Americanisation of the World; or, The Trend of the Twentieth Century. London: The Review of Reviews, 1902. New York: Horace Markley, 1902.
  [Archive.org, London; Archive.org, New York.]
• Owen Wister (1860–1938). The Virginian: A Horseman of the Plains. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1902.
  [Wikipedia; University of Virginia Hypertext; Archive.org, Toronto; Archive.org, California.]
  Reprinted: Owen Wister. The Virginian. Introduction by John Seelye. Penguin Classics, 1988.
  [Publisher; Amazon.com.]

~~~~~ 1903 ~~~~~

~~~~~ 1904 ~~~~~

• William John Pinkerton. His Personal Record: Stories of Railroad Life. Kansas City, Mo.: The Pinkerton Publishing Co., 1904.
  [Google Books; Archive.org.]
  White discusses this book in Railroaded.
• Lincoln Steffens (1866–1936). The Shame of the Cities. New York: McClure, Philips and Co., 1904.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, Toronto.]
  Reprinted: Lincoln Steffens. The Shame of the Cities. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 2004.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]

~~~~~ 1905 ~~~~~

• Lochner v. New York, April 1905.
• William L. Riordon. Plunkitt of Tammany Hall: A Series of Very Plain Talks on Very Practical Politics. New York: McClure, Phillips & Co, 1905.
  [Google Books; Archive.org.]
  Reprinted: William L. Riordon. Plunkitt of Tammany Hall. Edited with an Introduction by Terrence J. McDonald. Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martins (Macmillan), 1993.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]

~~~~~ 1906 ~~~~~

• William Graham Sumner (1840–1910). Folkways: A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1906.
  [Archive.org, Toronto; Archive.org, North Carolina; Archive.org, 1907, California.]
  Reprinted: William Graham Sumner. Folkways: A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 1959; 2002.
  [Google Books.]

~~~~~ 1907 ~~~~~

• Henry Adams (1838–1918). The Education of Henry Adams. Washington, 1907. Cambridge: The Riverside Press for the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1918. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1918.
  [Wikipedia; Archive.org, 1907; Archive.org, 1918 Cambridge; Archive.org, 1918 Boston.]
  Reprinted: Henry Adams. Democracy, Esther, Mont Saint Michel and Chartres, The Education of Henry Adams. Edited by Jayne Samuels and Ernest Samuels. New York: Library of America, 1983.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Walter Rauschenbusch (1861–1918). Christianity and the Social Crisis. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1907.
  [Archive.org, California; Archive.org, Toronto.]
• Whitelaw Reid (1837–1912). The Greatest Fact in Modern History. New York: Thomas P. Crowell & Co., 1907.
  [Archive.org, Toronto; Archive.org, California.]
• [Carl Schurz (1829–1906).] The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz. With a Sketch of His Life and Public Services from 1869 to 1906 by Frederic Bancroft (1860-1945) and William Archibald Dunning (1857-1922). New York: The McClure Company, 1907 and 1908. (Volumes One and Two published in 1907; Volume Three published in 1908.)
  [Archive.org: Volume One, 1829-1852; Volume Two, 1852-1863; Volume Three, 1869-1869.]

~~~~~ 1908 ~~~~~

• Annie Heloise Abel (1873–1947). The History of Events Resulting in Indian Consolidation West of the Mississippi. Washington: American Historical Association, 1908.
  [Archive.org.]

~~~~~ 1909 ~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ 1910s and later ~~~~~

• Jane Addams (1860–1935). Twenty Years at Hull House with Autobiographical Notes. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1910.
  [Archive.org, 1911; Archive.org, 1912; Archive.org, 1912.]
• Walter Rauschenbusch (1861–1918). Christianizing the Social Order. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1912.
  [Archive.org, California; Archive.org, Library of Congress.]
• Hamlin Garland (1860–1940). A Son of the Middle Border. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1917.
  [Archive.org, Toronto; Archive.org, New York Public Library.]
• Walter Rauschenbusch (1861–1918). A Theology for the Social Gospel. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1917.
  [Archive.org, Princeton Theological Seminary Library; Archive.org, Library of Congress; Archive.org, New York Public Library.]
• Hamlin Garland (1860–1940). A Daughter of the Middle Border. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1921.
  [Archive.org, California; Archive.org, Internet Archive, Shenzhen; Archive.org, Toronto; Archive.org, New York Public Library.]
• William Dean Howells. "The Editor's Study": A Comprehensive Edition of William Dean Howells' Column. Edited by James W. Simpson. Whitston Pub. Co., 1983.
  [Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• Sherry L. Smith. Sagebrush Soldier: Private William Earl Smith’s View of the Sioux War of 1876. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• [Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas (1834-1907).] The Secret Eye: The Journal of Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas, 1848-1889. Edited by Virginia Ingraham Burr. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]
• John Richard Dennett. The South As It Is: 1865-1866. Edited and with a New Introduction by Caroline E. Janney. Tuscaloosa: University Alabama Press, 2010.
  [Publisher; Google Books; Amazon.com.]

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~